INSPEC:
2000 July 6: 

find TITLE blue jets

result: 6 citations

/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.2608
@ARTICLE{RowlandMay98,
	author={Rowland, H.L.},
	title={
Theories and simulations of elves, sprites and blue jets
	},
	journal={Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	volume={60},
	number={7-9},
	year={1998},
	month={May},
	pages={831-44},
	abstract={
This review considers the different models that have been developed to
explain a class of phenomena that occur above lightning storms. These
phenomena have been named elves, red sprites and blue jets. The elves
appear between 90 and 70 km altitude and extend over several 100 km
horizontally. They are visible for less than 0.1 ms. Red sprites cover a
range of altitudes from 80 to 55 km with narrow tendrils extending below 55
km. Horizontally they are 20-30 km wide. Their visible lifetime is from a
few to some tens of ms. Blue jets propagate from cloud tops (15 km) to an
altitude of 40 km with a velocity of 100 km/s which gives a lifetime of 300
ms. In all of the models, the energy source is the electric fields
associated with the lightning-the quasistatic fields due to the original
charge distribution, the electromagnetic pulse due to the propagation of
the return stroke or the quasistatic fields due to the charge
redistribution by the currents. There are two different models to explain
the heating of the neutral atmosphere by these electric fields. These
models accelerate either the ambient thermal electrons (<eV) or high
energy, cosmic-ray-generated MeV electrons. These electrons in turn
collisionally heat the neutrals and produce the heating, ionization and
optical emissions
	},
	keywords={
		airglow
		atmospheric radiation
		atmospheric temperature
		lightning
		mesosphere
		reviews
		stratosphere
		thermosphere
		thunderstorms
		elves
		sprites
		blue jets
		review
		lightning
		storms
		altitude
		tendrils
		visible lifetime
		cloud tops
		velocity
		energy source
		electric field
		charge distribution
		electromagnetic pulse
		propagation
		return stroke
		quasistatic fields
		charge redistribution
		heating
		ambient thermal electrons
		ionization
		optical emissions
		15 to 90 km
		100 km/s
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.2608
@ARTICLE{WescottMay98,
	author={Wescott, E.M. and Sentman, D.D. and Heavner, M.J. and Hampton, D.L. and Vaughan, O.H., Jr.},
	title={
Blue jets: their relationship to lightning and very large hailfall, and
their physical mechanisms for their production
	},
	journal={Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	volume={60},
	number={7-9},
	year={1998},
	month={May},
	pages={713-24},
	abstract={
Blue jets are narrow cones of blue light that appear to propagate upward
from the cloud tops at speeds of about 100 km/s to terminal altitudes of
about 40 km (Wescott et al. 1995). The present authors give the results of
a refined analysis of these optical phenomena and their relationship to
cloud-to-ground (CG) and intracloud lightning, and to very large hailfall,
their apparent color, and possible mechanisms for their production. In a
thunderstorm where more than 50 of these events were observed from aircraft
on the night of 1 July 1994, about half of the blue jets occurred in a
cluster near Foreman, Arkansas, and the rest in an area near Texarkana,
(Texas/Arkansas). Hail 7 cm in diameter fell in those two storm cells at
the time of the blue jet occurrences. One other blue jet was observed over
an intense multi cell storm in Kansas on the night of 3 July 1994.
Comparison to cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning strokes revealed that blue
jets were not coincident with either positive or negative CG strokes, but
they occurred in the same general area as negative CG strokes and large
hail, and that cumulative distributions of the negative CG strokes in +or-5
s before and after the jet and within a radius of 15 km showed a
significant reduction in the flash rate for 2 s following the event. From
an analysis of color TV signal levels and calculations of quenching and
atmospheric transmission, the authors conclude that significant ionization
is present in the jets. Theoretical work by others suggests that the
mechanism for their production is a streamer, but there remain
discrepancies between these theories and the observations
	},
	keywords={
		atmospheric precipitation
		lightning
		stratosphere
		thunderstorms
		atmosphere
		stratosphere
		lightning
		blue jet
		thunderstorm
		very large hailfall
		hail
		physical mechanism
		production
		narrow cone
		blue light
		intracloud lightning
		cloud-to-ground
		Arkansas
		AD 1994 07
		Texas
		United States
		USA
		storm cell
		streamer
		10 to 40 km
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.2608
@ARTICLE{YukhimukSep98,
	author={Yukhimuk, V. and Roussel-Dupre, R.A. and Symbalisty, E.M.D. and Taranenko, Y.},
	title={
Optical characteristics of blue jets produced by runaway air breakdown,
simulation results
	},
	journal={Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume={25},
	number={17},
	year={1998},
	month={Sep},
	pages={3289-92},
	abstract={
The results of numerical calculations of the intensity and spectra of
optical emissions from blue jets produced by runaway air breakdown in the
atmosphere are presented. It is found that a positive runaway streamer
develops in the altitude range 20-34 km following an intracloud discharge
that possesses a continuing current of À1.7 kA. The ionization front of the
runaway streamer propagates upward with a velocity À90 km/s and produces
optical emissions with a maximum intensity À400 kR and a duration À153 ms.
The comparison between theory and observation yields good agreement for
such important blue jet characteristics as maximum intensity of optical
emissions, color, front velocity, duration, maximum radius and vertical
dimensions and supports the viability of runaway air breakdown as a driving
mechanism for this particular type of high altitude discharge
	},
	keywords={
		atmospheric electricity
		atmospheric ionisation
		atmospheric spectra
		lightning
		stratosphere
		thunderstorms
		electricity
		optical emission
		atmosphere
		stratosphere
		electric discharge
		lightning
		thunderstorm
		thundercloud
		blue jet
		optical characteristics
		runaway air breakdown
		simulation
		numerical calculation
		intensity
		spectra
		positive runaway streamer
		intracloud discharge
		ionization front
		high altitude discharge
		20 to 34 km
		350 to 750 nm
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.2608
@ARTICLE{PaskoFeb96,
	author={Pasko, V.P. and Inan, U.S. and Bell, T.F.},
	title={
Blue jets produced by quasi-electrostatic pre-discharge thundercloud fields
	},
	journal={Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume={23},
	number={3},
	year={1996},
	month={Feb},
	pages={301-4},
	abstract={
Pre-discharge quasi-electrostatic fields immediately above the thundercloud
lead to the formation and upward propagation of streamer type ionization
channels with features in good agreement with video observations of blue
jets
	},
	keywords={
		atmospheric electricity
		electric fields
		lightning
		thunderstorms
		blue jets
		quasielectrostatic predischarge thundercloud fields
		upward propagation
		formation
		streamer type ionization channels
		video observations
		sprites
		runaway electrons
		100 km/s
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.2608
@ARTICLE{SentmanJun95,
	author={Sentman, D.D. and Wescott, E.M.},
	title={
Red sprites and blue jets: thunderstorm-excited optical emissions in the
stratosphere, mesosphere, and ionosphere
	},
	journal={Phys. Plasmas (USA), Physics of Plasmas},
	volume={2},
	number={6},
	year={1995},
	month={Jun},
	pages={2514-22},
	abstract={
Low light level monochrome television observations obtained from the ground
and from the space Shuttle, and low light level color and monochrome
television images obtained from aboard jet aircraft, have shown that
intense lightning in mesoscale thunderstorm systems may excite at least two
distinct types of optical emissions that together span the space between
the tops of some thunderstorms and the ionosphere. The first of these
emissions, dubbed "sprites," are luminous red structures that typically
span the altitude range 60-90 km, often with faint bluish tendrils dangling
below. A second, rarer, type of luminous emission are "blue jets" that
appear to spurt upward out of the anvil top in narrow cones to altitudes of
40-50 km at speeds of approximately 100 km/s. In the paper the principal
observational characteristics of sprites and jets are presented, and
several proposed production mechanisms are reviewed
	},
	keywords={
		atmospheric radiation
		ionospheric disturbances
		mesosphere
		stratosphere
		thunderstorms
		thunderstorm-excited optical emissions
		stratosphere
		mesosphere
		ionosphere
		red sprites
		blue jets
		low light level monochrome television observations
		mesoscale thunderstorm systems
		tendrils
		luminous emission
		anvil top
		narrow cones
		production mechanisms
		review
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
@ARTICLE{WescottMay95,
	author={Wescott, E.M. and Sentman, D. and Osborne, D. and Hampton, D. and Heavner, M.},
	title={
Preliminary results from the Sprites94 aircraft campaign. 2. Blue jets
	},
	journal={Geophysical Research Letters},
	volume={22},
	number={10},
	year={1995},
	month={May},
	pages={1209-12},
	abstract={
For pt.1 see ibid., vol.22, no.10, p.1205-8 (1995). Initial observations of
a newly documented type of optical emission above thunderstorms are
reported. "Blue jets," or narrowly collimated beams of blue light that
appear to propagate upwards from the tops of thunderstorms, were recorded
on black-and-white and color video cameras for the first time during the
Sprites94 aircraft campaign, June-July 1994. The jets appear to propagate
upward at speeds of about 100 km/s and reach terminal altitudes of 40-50
km. Fifty six examples were recorded during a 22-minute interval during a
storm over Arkansas. The authors examine some possible mechanisms, but have
no satisfactory theory for this phenomenon
	},
	keywords={
		atmospheric radiation
		mesosphere
		thunderstorms
		Sprites94 aircraft campaign
		blue jets
		observations
		optical emission
		thunderstorms
		narrowly collimated beams
		AD 1994 06 to 07
		upward propagation speeds
		terminal altitudes
		mechanisms
		40 to 50 km
		100 km/s
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}