Nitrogen emissions / aurora: 2000 July 27: cPbLATalum.mit.edu
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31 citations

NOTE: replace all "/sup 1/" and "/sub 2/" and "/sup +/", at least.

/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{NagyAug99,
	author={Nagy, O. and Ballance, C.P. and Berrington, K.A. and Burke, P.G. and McLaughlin, B.M.},
	title={
Vibrational excitation of the N$_2$$^+$ first negative (0,0) (1,0)
and (2,0) bands by electron impact: a theoretical study using the R-matrix
approach
	},
	journal={Journal of Physics B (Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics)},
	volume={32},
	number={16},
	year={1999},
	month={Aug},
	pages={L469-77},
	abstract={
Ab initio cross section calculations for vibronic excitation using the
R-matrix approach have been performed on the N$_2$$^+$ molecular ion
complex. A three-state close-coupling expansion is used where the
electronic target states; X /sup 2/ Sigma /sub g/$^+$, A /sup 2/ Pi /sub
u/ and B /sup 2/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$ of the molecular cation are
represented by a valence configuration-interaction approximation. A
non-adiabatic approximation is invoked to study vibronic excitation for the
first three negative bands, (0,0), (1,0) and (2,0) of the X-B transition (B
/sup 2/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$ nu ' from X /sup 2/ Sigma /sub g/$^+$ nu ")
of N$_2$$^+$. Fixed-nuclei and non-adiabatic cross section results
are compared with the available experimental data for the (0,0) band and
the breakdown of the adiabatic fixed-nuclei approximation is clearly
evident for the vibronic excitation of the (1,0) and (2,0) bands in this
molecular ion complex
	},
	keywords={
		ab initio calculations
		configuration interactions
		electron impact excitation
		molecular electronic states
		molecule-electron collisions
		nitrogen
		positive ions
		rotational-vibrational energy transfer
		vibrational excitation
		N$_2$$^+$
		first negative (0,0) band
		first negative (1,0) band
		first negative (2,0) band
		molecular ion electron impact excitation
		R-matrix approach
		ab initio cross section calculations
		vibronic excitation
		N$_2$$^+$ molecular ion complex
		three-state close-coupling expansion
		electronic target states
		X /sup 2/ Sigma /sub g/$^+$ state
		A /sup 2/ Pi /sub u/ state
		B /sup 2/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$ state
		molecular cation
		valence configuration-interaction approximation
		nonadiabatic approximation
		X-B transition
		B /sup 2/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$ nu ' from X /sup 2/ Sigma /sub g/$^+$ nu
		" transition
		fixed-nuclei cross section
		nonadiabatic cross section
		(1,0) band
		(2,0) band
		adiabatic fixed-nuclei approximation breakdown
		valence CI model
		N$_2$
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{ArmstrongMay98,
	author={Armstrong, R.A. and Shorter, J.A. and Taylor, M.J. and Suszcynsky, D.M. and Lyons, W.A. and Jeong, L.S.},
	title={
Photometric measurements in the SPRITES '95 and '96 campaigns of nitrogen
second positive (399.8 nm) and first negative (427.8 nm) emissions
	},
	journal={Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics},
	volume={60},
	number={7-9},
	year={1998},
	month={May},
	pages={787-99},
	abstract={
The authors have obtained blue photometric measurements of the N$_2$
second positive 399.8 nm and the N$_2$$^+$ first negative 427.8 nm
emission from sprites, elves and lightning, along with supporting video
images. The pulse width and intensity results for sprites are consistent
with those of Suszcynsky et al. (1998). The red emission from sprites has
been independently and unambiguously identified by Hampton et al. (1996)
and Mende et al. (1995) as the nitrogen first positive band. The source has
been attributed to electron impact excitation from low energy electrons (
approximately=1 eV) in the sprite. The short pulse width of the 427.8 nm
and 399.8 nm photometer time traces obtained in this investigation are
probably not from the same source that produces the red emission. The
results indicate an initial energetic ionizing event sufficient to ionize
and excite nitrogen followed by secondary electron processes which give
rise to the dominant red emission. The photometer results for elves are
consistent with the EMP mechanism suggested by Inan et al. (1996). The
photometer traces obtained for lightning indicate emissions consistent with
a continuing current' as the charge redistributes within the thunderstorm
cloud. The authors find that the ratio of the intensity of the 399.8 nm
N$_2$ (2P) emission to that of 427.8 nm N$_2$$^+$ (1N) emission
can be used to discriminate among sprites, elves and lightning
	},
	keywords={
		atmospheric spectra
		lightning
		nitrogen
		positive ions
		spectrophotometry
		visible spectra
		SPRITES '95 campaign
		SPRITES '96 campaign
		photometric measurements
		N$_2$ second positive emission
		N$_2$$^+$ first negative emission
		sprites
		elves
		lightning
		video images
		pulse width
		intensity
		red emission
		electron impact excitation
		low energy electrons
		photometer time traces
		initial energetic ionizing event
		secondary electron processes
		photometer results
		EMP mechanism
		photometer traces
		continuing current
		thunderstorm cloud
		399.8 nm
		427.8 nm
		N$_2$
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{DoeringMay97,
	author={Doering, J.P. and Yang, J.},
	title={
Direct experimental measurement of electron impact ionization-excitation
branching ratios. 3. Branching ratios and cross sections for the N/sub
2/$^+$ X /sup 2/ Sigma /sub g/$^+$, A /sup 2/ Pi /sub u/, and B /sup
2/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$ states at 100 eV
	},
	journal={Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume={102},
	number={A5},
	year={1997},
	month={May},
	pages={9683-9},
	abstract={
For pt.2 see ibid., vol.99, no.A9, p.17477-81 (1994). The three electronic
states of N$_2$$^+$ which are important to aeronomy are the X /sup 2/
Sigma /sub g/$^+$, A /sup 2/ Pi /sub u/, and B /sup 2/ Sigma /sub u//sup
+/ states. The transitions X /sup 2/ Sigma /sub g/$^+$ from A /sup 2/ Pi
/sub u/ and X /sup 2/ Sigma /sub g/$^+$ from B /sup 2/ Sigma /sub g//sup
+/ are responsible for the prominent Meinel bands and first negative bands
which occur in the aurora and airglow. In this paper, the authors use new
electron-electron coincidence (e,2e) measurements to extend their previous
work on the B /sup 2/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$ state cross section to give a
complete set of branching ratios and cross sections for N$_2$$^+$
production in the three electronic states given above by 100-eV electron
impact on N$_2$. An improved electron-electron coincidence apparatus has
allowed the direct measurement of the cross section and branching ratio for
the X /sup 2/ Sigma /sub g/$^+$ state for the first time. The cross
sections for the X and A states agree within experimental error with the
existing optical excitation results in the literature, but the error bars
on the present measurements are smaller than those for the optical
experiments. The branching ratios for the N$_2$/sup -/ X and A states at
100 eV are 0.448+or-0.033 and 0.453+or-0.033, respectively. The
corresponding 100-eV excitation cross sections for the X and A states
deduced from the total N$_2$$^+$ 100-eV electron impact ionization
cross section which is known from other measurements are 86.9+or-7.0*10/sup
-18/ cm/sup 2/ and 87.9+or-7.0*10/sup -18/ cm/sup 2/, respectively. The B
state results, which have been discussed in detail in a previous paper, are
branching ratio of 0.099+or-0.017 and excitation cross section of
19.2+or-3.3*10/sup -18/ cm/sup 2/. These values are significantly lower
than the result deduced from the widely accepted optical emission cross
section of Borst and Zi
	},
	keywords={
		airglow
		aurora
		electron impact excitation
		electron impact ionisation
		ionosphere
		molecule-electron collisions
		nitrogen
		positive ions
		thermosphere
		upper atmosphere
		N$_2$$^+$
		X /sup 2/ Sigma /sub g/$^+$
		A /sup 2/ Pi /sub u/
		B /sup 2/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$
		electronic state
		molecule
		electron impact ionization
		electron impact excitation
		branching ratio
		cross section
		ionosphere
		upper atmosphere
		thermosphere
		airglow
		aurora
		spectra
		Meinel band
		electron-electron coincidence
		optical emission
		100 eV
		N$_2$
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{VasenkovDec96,
	author={Vasenkov, A.V. and Sharafutdinov, R.G. and Belikov, A.E. and Malinovskii, V.S.},
	title={
Spatial and energy distribution of electrons generated in the interaction
of an electron beam with a nonuniform gas flow
	},
	journal={Fizika Plazmy},
	volume={22},
	number={12},
	year={1996},
	month={Dec},
	pages={1124-33},
	abstract={
The interaction of an electron beam with a nitrogen stream is modelled by
the Monte-Carlo method. A comparison is made of the calculated excitation
rates of the B/sup 2/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$ and C/sup 3/ Pi /sub u/ states
with the measured intensities of the first negative (transition B/sup 2/
Sigma /sub u/$^+$, nu /sup '/=0 to X$^1$ Sigma /sub g/$^+$, nu
"=0) and the second positive (transition C/sup 3/ Pi /sub u/, nu /sup '/=0
to B/sup 3/ Pi /sub g/, nu "=0) nitrogen band radiation systems. An
analysis of population mechanisms for B/sup 2/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$
nitrogen ion and C/sup 3/ Pi /sub u/ nitrogen molecular states is presented
	},
	keywords={
		digital simulation
		electron impact ionisation
		molecule-electron collisions
		Monte Carlo methods
		nitrogen
		spectral line intensity
		spatial distribution
		energy distribution
		electron generation
		electron beam
		nonuniform gas flow
		Monte Carlo method
		excitation rates
		B/sup 2/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$ states
		C/sup 3/ Pi /sub u/ states
		B/sup 2/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$, nu /sup '/=0 to X$^1$ Sigma /sub g//sup
		+/, nu "=0 transition
		C/sup 3/ Pi /sub u/, nu /sup '/=0 to B/sup 3/ Pi /sub g/, nu "=0 transition
		[I]
		band radiation systems
		population mechanisms
		B/sup 2/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$ nitrogen ion
		C/sup 3/ Pi /sub u/ nitrogen molecular states
		optical illusion
		population mechanism
		N$_2$
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{DoeringSep96,
	author={Doering, J.P. and Yang, J.},
	title={
Comparison of the electron impact cross section for the N$_2$$^+$
first negative (0,0) band ( lambda 3914 AA) measured by optical
fluorescence, coincidence electron impact, and photoionization experiments
	},
	journal={Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume={101},
	number={A9},
	year={1996},
	month={Sep},
	pages={19723-8},
	abstract={
The cross-section for production of the N$_2$$^+$ B/sup 2/ Sigma /sub
u/$^+$ state by electron impact on N$_2$ is one of the most important
cross-sections for aeronomy because of the prominence of the N$_2$/sup
+/ first negative (0,0) band (B/sup 2/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$ from X/sup 2/
Sigma /sub g/$^+$, lambda 3914 AA) in the dayglow and aurora. Recently
developed electron-electron coincidence experiments have made possible the
measurement of the branching ratios for ionization-excitation of N$_2$
by electron impact at the 100-eV maximum of the cross-section. The N$_2$
total ionization cross-section, measured in other experiments, can then be
used to calculate the cross-section for production of the N$_2$$^+$
B/sup 2/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$ state at 100-eV. Photoionization partial
cross-sections and branching ratios from high-energy electron impact
experiments are used to calculate the N$_2$+B/sup 2/ Sigma /sub u//sup
+/ cross-section at 2000-eV. The 100- and 2000-eV results are compared with
cross-sections from electron impact optical emission experiments at the
same incident energies. The cross-sections from electron impact and
photoionization experiments are 30% smaller than the optical emission
cross-section of Borst and Zipf at both 100-eV and 2000-eV incident
energies but within 20% of the results of the most recent optical
measurement at 100-eV. A value of 14.8*10/sup -18/ cm/sup 2/ for the N/sub
2/$^+$ B/sup 2/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$ first negative (0,0) band
cross-section maximum at 100-eV is within the error bars for all the
experimental measurements except one
	},
	keywords={
		airglow
		atmospheric composition
		aurora
		electron impact excitation
		electron impact ionisation
		nitrogen
		positive ions
		thermosphere
		upper atmosphere
		thermosphere
		airglow
		dayglow
		optical emission
		electron impact cross section
		N$_2$$^+$
		first negative band
		optical fluorescence
		coincidence electron impact
		photoionization
		molecular excitation
		B/sup 2/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$ state
		electron impact excitation
		aurora
		molecular ionization
		391.4 nm
		N$_2$
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{Young-Ju-ParkSep96,
	author={Young Ju Park and Ozasa, K. and O'Keeffe, P. and Aoyagi, Y. and Suk-Ki Min},
	title={
Transient characteristics of nitrogen gas-pulsed electron cyclotron
resonance plasma
	},
	journal={Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A (Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films)},
	volume={14},
	number={5},
	year={1996},
	month={Sep},
	pages={2814-19},
	abstract={
Transient optical emission characteristics of a nitrogen gas-pulsed
electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma have been investigated as a first
step towards understanding the nature of a nitrogen gas-pulsed plasma. We
observed different transient optical emission profiles for the first
negative N$_2$*, the second positive N$_2$$^+$, and the first
positive N$_2$* emission bands in nitrogen gas-pulsed ECR plasma that
are closely related to the pressure changes in a discharge cavity of the
plasma source, on the basis of the transient emission profiles, optical
emission spectra over the wavelength range 300-700 nm were obtained for
three specific time regions within the pulse. During the gas-pulsed
injection period large ratios of N$_2$*/N$_2$$^+$ (2.5-7.1) and
low electron temperatures (1.2 eV) were observed. On the other hand, small
ratios of N$_2$*/N$_2$$^+$ (0.3) and high electron temperature
(2.5 eV) were recorded 0.65 s after stopping the gas-pulsed injection.
These observed N$_2$*/N$_2$$^+$ ratios are interpreted in terms of
different excitation processes and electron temperatures (T/sub e/) due to
the surge of neutral N$_2$ gas. The N$_2$*/N$_2$$^+$ ratios in
an ECR gas-pulsed plasma are 5-7 times higher than those in continuous wave
plasma. Through timing optimization of the transient characteristics,
nitrogen gas-pulsed ECR plasma is considered to be a useful candidate for
high efficiency p-type high doping in Zn(Se,Te) semiconductors or for the
plasma deposition of nitride films
	},
	keywords={
		cyclotron resonance
		nitrogen
		plasma deposition
		plasma diagnostics
		plasma temperature
		transient optical emission characteristics
		N$_2$ gas-pulsed electron cyclotron resonance plasma
		transient optical emission profiles
		first negative N$_2$* emission band
		second positive N$_2$$^+$ emission band
		first positive N$_2$* emission band
		gas-pulsed ECR plasma
		discharge cavity
		transient emission profiles
		optical emission spectra
		time regions
		gas-pulsed injection period
		nitride films
		electron temperatures
		ECR gas-pulsed plasma
		timing optimization
		p-type high doping
		Zn(Se,Te) semiconductors
		plasma deposition
		300 to 700 nm
		-0.5 to 2.0 s
		N$_2$
		Zn(SeTe)
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{LeeOct95,
	author={Lee, A.R. and Leather, C. and Wilkins, A.C.R. and Brenton, A.G.},
	title={
Collisional excitation of O$_2$$^+$ and N$_2$$^+$ electronic
states via single electron capture by B/sup 2+/ ions
	},
	journal={Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy},
	volume={173},
	number={2},
	year={1995},
	month={Oct},
	pages={603-8},
	abstract={
High-resolution translational energy spectra have been obtained for
single-electron capture by 4-keV B/sup 2+/ ions in collision with Ne, O/sub
2/, and N$_2$. The Ne spectrum is used for accurate determination of the
zero energy-change position for subsequent analysis of the complex
molecular spectra. Six capture channels have been unambiguously identified
for the O$_2$ spectrum; two of these involve capture-excitation, which
leaves the O$_2$$^+$ ion in its fourth excited state, responsible for
subsequent emission of the first negative band system (b/sup 4/ Sigma /sub
g//sup -/ to a/sup 4/ Pi /sub u/) of O$_2$$^+$. The N$_2$ spectrum
consists of seven narrow spectral features, four of which are identified
with capture channels from which the first and second excited electronic
states of the N$_2$$^+$ ion are accessed. These constitute the upper
states of the Meinel (A/sup 2/ Pi /sub u/ to X/sup 2/ Sigma /sub g//sup -/)
and first negative (B/sup 2/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$ to X/sup 2/ Sigma /sub
g/$^+$) band systems of the N$_2$$^+$ ion
	},
	keywords={
		boron
		electron capture
		ion-molecule collisions
		nitrogen
		oxygen
		positive ions
		spectra
		collisional excitation
		O$_2$$^+$
		N$_2$$^+$
		electronic states
		single electron capture
		B/sup 2+/
		high-resolution translational energy spectra
		zero energy-change position
		complex molecular spectra
		capture-excitation
		excited state
		first negative band system
		first excited electronic states
		second excited electronic states
		Ne
		O$_2$
		N$_2$
		4 keV
		B
		O$_2$-B
		N$_2$-B
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{DoeringMar94,
	author={Doering, J.P. and Goembel, L. and Yang, J.},
	title={
Vibrational distribution of N$_2$$^+$A/sup 2/ Pi /sub mu / from
100-eV electron impact on N$_2$
	},
	journal={Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume={99},
	number={A3},
	year={1994},
	month={Mar},
	pages={3931-3},
	abstract={
Measurements of the electron excitation of the Meinel band system of N/sub
2/$^+$ produced by electron impact on N$_2$ have been hampered by the
long lifetime of the N$_2$$^+$A/sup 2/ Pi /sub mu /, upper state, the
spectroscopically inconvenient near-infrared region where the bands are
located, as well as overlap by the N$_2$ first positive system. In the
present work, an experiment in which the scattered projectile electron and
the low-energy secondary electron are detected in coincidence was used to
allow the vibrational distribution of the A/sup 2/ Pi /sub mu / state
produced by 100-eV electron impact on N$_2$ to be determined directly in
excitation without the need for optical measurements. The coincidence
energy loss spectrum was measured for a typical secondary electron energy
of 5 eV over a range of secondary electron ejection angles. The results of
a band contour analysis show that the population of the nu 'v=0-5
vibrational levels is consistent with that predicted by the Franck-Condon
factors for ionization of N$_2$ to the N$_2$$^+$A/sup 2/ Pi /sub
mu / state
	},
	keywords={
		Franck-Condon factors
		molecular electron impact excitation
		molecular electron impact ionisation
		molecular electronic states
		nitrogen
		positive ions
		vibrational distribution
		N$_2$$^+$A/sup 2/ Pi /sub mu /
		100-eV electron impact ionisation
		N$_2$
		Meinel band system
		electron impact excitation
		lifetime
		near-IR region
		first positive system
		scattered projectile electron
		low-energy secondary electron
		coincidence
		ejection angles
		band contour analysis
		Franck-Condon factors
		aurora
		100 eV
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{JelenkovicDec87,
	author={Jelenkovic, B.M. and Phelps, A.V.},
	title={
Excitation of N$_2$ in DC electrical discharges at very high E/n
	},
	journal={Physical Review A (General Physics)},
	volume={36},
	number={11},
	year={1987},
	month={Dec},
	pages={5310-26},
	abstract={
Spatial distributions of light emission from electric discharges in N/sub
2/ have been measured at very high electric-field-to-gas-density ratios E/n
and low gas densities. The E/n range was from 270 Td to 107 kTd at gas
densities from 1.3*10/sup 23/*10/sup 23/ to 1.5*10/sup 21/ m/sup -3/ (1 Td
identical to 10/sup -21/ V m/sup 2/). Planar electrodes and low discharge
currents, less than 3*10/sup -4/ A/m/sup 2/, insured that the electric
field was spatially uniform. At the lower E/n and near the anode the
intensities of first negative (1/sup -/) and first (1$^+$) and second
(2$^+$) positive bands of N$_2$ increased exponentially with distance
as expected from published measurements of the spatial growth of
ionization. The first and second positive band intensities were placed on
an absolute scale by renormalization to previously measured or calculated
excitation coefficients for E/n of 270 to 700 Td. Because of the relatively
weak signal at low E/n, the intensities of the first negative band at 391.4
nm are normalized to a theoretical value at extremely high E/n. At E/n
above 4 to 30 kTd, depending on the transition observed, the emission
peaked near the cathode. The N$_2$ first negative band emission near
391.4 nm can be largely accounted for by direct electron excitation of the
v=0 levels of B/sup 2/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$ state. Emission data from
higher vibrational levels of the B/sup 2/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$ state at
very high E/n are consistent with excitation of N$_2$ by N$_2$/sup
+/. The first and second positive band emissions appear to be the result of
electron excitation only at the lower E/n and at positions near the anode.
The emission of these bands near the cathode at the higher E/n is
postulated to be the result of excitation of the N$_2$ by about 100 eV
molecules produced in charge-exchange collisions involving N$_2$$^+$
ions moving toward the cathode. The required excitation cross sections are
approximately 10/sup -20/ m/sup
	},
	keywords={
		discharges (electric)
		ionisation of gases
		molecular vibration
		nitrogen
		plasma collision processes
		plasma diagnostics
		DC electrical discharges
		light emission
		electric field
		spatial growth
		ionization
		positive band intensities
		renormalization
		excitation coefficients
		negative band emission
		direct electron excitation
		vibrational levels
		B/sup 2/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$ state
		charge-exchange collisions
		N$_2$
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{NeuschaferOct87,
	author={Neuschafer, D. and Ottinger, C. and Sharma, A.},
	title={
Observation of a long-lived nitrogen beam afterglow and lifetime
measurements on the N$_2$(W/sup 3/ Delta /sub u/) state
	},
	journal={Chemical Physics},
	volume={117},
	number={1},
	year={1987},
	month={Oct},
	pages={133-48},
	abstract={
Nitrogen molecules in a nozzle beam were excited by electron impact using a
strong LDC discharge through the beam itself. Intense emission of the first
positive band system of N$_2$, B/sup 3/ Pi /sub g/ to A/sup 3/ Sigma
/sub u/$^+$, was found to be emitted well downstream from the discharge.
The intensity decrease with distance s from the source was measured from
s=27 to 56 cm for various isolated bands. Together with time-of-flight
measurements, this yielded effective lifetimes for the B-state vibrational
levels nu '=1 to 5 of 300-100 mu s. Also the spectral distributions were
measured as a function of s. Both sets of data can be consistently and
quantitatively explained by radiative cascades populating N$_2$(B) from
the long-lived N$_2$(W/sup 3/ Delta /sub u/) precursor state. Recent ab
initio lifetimes for W to B transitions are in very good agreement with the
observations, while order lifetime data can be ruled out. The N$_2$(W)
flux density is determined to be (5-10)*10/sup 12/ cm/sup -2/ s/sup -1/
	},
	keywords={
		ab initio calculations
		afterglows
		molecular beams
		molecular electron impact excitation
		molecular electronic states
		molecular vibration
		nitrogen
		potential energy curves and surfaces of molecules
		time of flight spectra
		DC discharge
		nitrogen beam afterglow
		nozzle beam
		excited
		electron impact
		first positive band system
		isolated bands
		time-of-flight measurements
		lifetimes
		B-state vibrational levels
		spectral distributions
		radiative cascades populating N$_2$
		ab initio lifetimes
		flux density
		N$_2$
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{KryuchkovApr84,
	author={Kryuchkov, S.I. and Kudryavstev, N.N. and Novikov, S.S.},
	title={
Vibronic population determination for nitrogen under thermodynamically
nonequilibrium conditions from the emission and absorption in the first
positive band
	},
	journal={Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii},
	volume={40},
	number={4},
	year={1984},
	month={Apr},
	pages={618-26},
	abstract={
The intensities in the vibronic bands of the nitrogen molecule are widely
used in researching the kinetics of elementary physiochemical processes and
the formation of nonequilibrium energy distributions for N$_2$ molecules
in gas discharges, the hot gas behind shock waves, in molecular lasers and
also in other areas of nonequilibrium chemical kinetics and gas dynamics.
Considerable interest attaches to determining the populations of the
individual vibrational states, in the first and second excited electronic
terms of the N$_2$ molecule: the metastable A/sup 3/ Sigma /sub u//sup
+/ and B/sup 3/ Pi g. These states may be effectively excited in certain
fast chemical reactions, cascade transitions from high-lying levels,
electron impact, etc. The authors consider thermodynamically nonequilibrium
conditions characterised by strong excitation of the electronic degree of
freedom at a relatively low gas temperature (T=500-1000K), and a method is
developed for determining the level populations for the A/sup 3/ Sigma /sub
u/$^+$ and B/sup 3/ Pi g electronic states on the basis of the
absorption and the emission intensity in the first positive system of the
N$_2$ molecule (1$^+$) formed by B/sup 3/ Pi g, v' to or from A/sup
3/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$, v" transitions (v"and v' are the vibrational
quantum numbers of the lower and upper states)
	},
	keywords={
		molecular electronic states
		molecular vibronic states
		nitrogen
		spectra of diatomic inorganic molecules
		vibronic population
		emission spectra
		vibronic band intensities
		absorption spectra
		first excited electronic term
		500 to 1000K
		absorption intensity
		thermodynamically nonequilibrium conditions
		first positive band
		nonequilibrium energy distributions
		gas discharges
		hot gas
		shock waves
		molecular lasers
		nonequilibrium chemical kinetics
		gas dynamics
		vibrational states
		second excited electronic terms
		N$_2$ molecule
		cascade transitions
		high-lying levels
		electron impact
		electronic degree of freedom
		gas temperature
		level populations
		A/sup 3/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$
		B/sup 3/ Pi g
		electronic states
		emission intensity
		first positive system
		vibrational quantum numbers
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{PlainFeb85,
	author={Plain, A. and Gorse, C. and Cacciatore, M. and Capitelli, M. and Massabieaux, B. and Ricard, A.},
	title={
On the coupling between Nd$_2$(B/sup 3/ Pi /sub g/, nu ') and N/sub
2/(X$^1$ Sigma /sub g/, nu ) vibrational distributions in a glow
discharge column in flowing N$_2$
	},
	journal={Journal of Physics B (Atomic and Molecular Physics)},
	volume={18},
	number={4},
	year={1985},
	month={Feb},
	pages={843-9},
	abstract={
The vibrational population of the excited N$_2$(B/sup 3/ Pi /sub g/)
state has been experimentally determined by measuring the first positive
band intensities in a N$_2$ flowing glow discharge. The measured N/sub
2/(B, nu ') distributions are compared with the calculated population
assuming: (1) excitation by direct electron collisions from the N/sub
2/(X$^1$ Sigma /sub g/$^+$) ground state and by radiative cascade
from the N$_2$(C/sup 3/ Pi /sub u/); (ii) destruction by radiative
emission and quenching. It is observed that the N$_2$(B, nu ')
vibrational excitation increases with time following the temporal evolution
of the vibrational distribution of the N$_2$(X, nu ) ground state and
the electron distribution function
	},
	keywords={
		glow discharges
		molecular electron impact excitation
		molecular vibration
		nitrogen
		plasma diagnostics
		radiation quenching
		glow discharge column
		N$_2$
		vibrational population
		positive band intensities
		flowing glow discharge
		direct electron collisions
		radiative cascade
		radiative emission
		quenching
		vibrational distribution
		electron distribution function
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{ShawJul83,
	author={Shaw, M. and Campos, J.},
	title={
Emission cross sections of the second positive and first negative systems
of N$_2$ and N$_2$$^+$ excited by electron impact
	},
	journal={Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer},
	volume={30},
	number={1},
	year={1983},
	month={Jul},
	pages={73-6},
	abstract={
Cross sections have been measured for emission of the 2nd positive system
of N$_2$ and the 1st negative system of N$_2$$^+$ by electron
excitation. The electron energy ranged from the threshold to 400 eV. To
obtain absolute values, comparison with the emission cross section of the
5$^1$S He level has been used. The results for the (0,2) band of the 2nd
positive system and for the (0,1) band of the 1st negative system are
(2.87+or-0.40)*10/sup -18/ and (5.35+or-0.5)*10/sup -18/ cm/sup 2/,
respectively, at the peak. The cross sections are given for 23 bands of the
2nd positive and 6 bands of the 1st negative systems. Use of the (0,1) band
of the 1st negative system is proposed for reference in obtaining absolute
values
	},
	keywords={
		molecular electron impact excitation
		nitrogen
		emission cross section
		N$_2$
		N$_2$$^+$
		electron impact
		electron excitation
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{MassabieauxMay83,
	author={Massabieaux, B. and Plain, A. and Ricard, A. and Capitelli, M. and Gorse, C.},
	title={
Excitation of vibrational and electronic states in a glow discharge column
in flowing N$_2$
	},
	journal={Journal of Physics B (Atomic and Molecular Physics)},
	volume={16},
	number={10},
	year={1983},
	month={May},
	pages={1863-74},
	abstract={
The excitation and ionisation number densities of different states of N/sub
2/ have been measured in a long positive column of a glow discharge in
flowing N$_2$ when the residence time of excited species in the column
was varied between 5*10/sup -4/ and 2.5*10/sup -1/ s. The vibrational
population of the ground state N$_2$ (X $^1$ Sigma /sub g/$^+$, nu
) and the electron energy distribution function (EDF) have been calculated
for different values of gas pressure, electric field and electron
densities. For residence times greater than 10/sup -2/ s the N$_2$(X, nu
) and the EDF tails are strongly overpopulated. The vibrational population
of the excited states N$_2$(C/sup 3/ Pi /sub u/, nu ') and N$_2$/sup
+/(B/sup 2/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$, nu ') have been experimentally determined
by measuring the second positive and first negative band intensities. The
measured N$_2$(C, nu ') distributions are in good agreement with the
calculated populations assuming that the C/sup 3/ Pi /sub u/ state is
created by electron collisions and destroyed by radiative emission. The
ionic lines emitted from N$_2$$^+$(B, nu ') have large intensities
for long residence times t>10/sup -2/ s suggesting that the heavy particle
reaction: N$_2$(X, nu >or=12)+N$_2$$^+$(X) to N$_2$(X)+N/sub
2/$^+$(B) is the main process
	},
	keywords={
		glow discharges
		molecular electronic states
		molecular inelastic collisions
		molecular vibration
		nitrogen
		vibrational states excitation
		X$^1$Sigma/sub g/ state
		C/sup 3/Pi/sub u/ state
		excitation number densities
		B/sup 2/Sigma/sub u/ state
		electronic states
		glow discharge column
		flowing N$_2$
		ionisation number densities
		positive column
		residence time
		ground state
		electron energy distribution function
		band intensities
		ionic lines
		heavy particle reaction
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{WehrenbergMar77,
	author={Wehrenberg, P.J.},
	title={
Excitation of the N$_2$$^+$ first negative 3914 AA band by H$^+$
and He$^+$ in the energy range 0.5 to 34 keV
	},
	journal={Physical Review A (General Physics)},
	volume={15},
	number={3},
	year={1977},
	month={Mar},
	pages={843-5},
	abstract={
Measurements of the emission of N$_2$$^+$ 3914 AA radiation emitted
from N$_2$ targets in collision with protons are extended down to 500 eV
and the new results are presented for collisions with He$^+$ at energies
from 0.5 to 35 keV. The results are presented graphically and the dominant
mechanism is claimed to be electron capture leaving the molecular ion in
the B/sup 2/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$ ( nu =0) state. The sign of the energy
defect is positive for the He$^+$ projectile and negative for the
protons and this sign difference is apparently responsible for the slower
increase of the cross section for He$^+$ impact at low energies
	},
	keywords={
		electron capture
		helium atoms
		hydrogen ions
		ion-molecule reactions
		ionisation of molecules
		molecular fluorescence
		nitrogen
		N$_2$$^+$
		H$^+$
		He$^+$
		0.5 to 34 keV
		N$_2$ targets
		electron capture
		energy defect
		cross section
		first negative 3914 angstrom band
		B/sup 2/Sigma/sub u/$^+$ state
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{HarveyJan77,
	author={Harvey, G.A.},
	title={
Air radiation in photographic meteor spectra
	},
	journal={Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume={82},
	number={1},
	year={1977},
	month={Jan},
	pages={15-22},
	abstract={
Air radiation (N, O, N$_2$) is present in major amounts in the spectra
of three high-geocentric-velocity photographic meteor spectra. These
spectra are high-definition spectra with over 50 identifiable features in
each spectrum. These meteor spectra are compared with N$_2$ radiation
from a Geissler tube and with calculated N$_2$ first-positive band
intensities. An 'effective vibrational temperature' of about 20000K is
obtained from the nitrogen first-positive band relative intensities.
Electron excitation is indicated as the primary excitation process
	},
	keywords={
		astronomical spectra
		atmospheric spectra
		meteors
		upper atmosphere
		photographic meteor spectra
		N
		O
		N$_2$
		air radiation
		Leonids
		atmospheric spectra
		molecular band intensities
		electron excitation
		effective vibrational temperature
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{EstlerAug76,
	author={Estler, R.C. and Doering, J.P.},
	title={
High energy-resolution studies of electron impact optical excitation
functions. II. The first positive system of N$_2$
	},
	journal={Journal of Chemical Physics},
	volume={65},
	number={4},
	year={1976},
	month={Aug},
	pages={1406-13},
	abstract={
For pt.I see ibid., vol.56, p.5632 (1972). The first positive band system
(B/sup 3/ pi /sub g/-A/sup 3/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$) of N$_2$ was studied
in detail in measurement of the optical excitation functions using an
electron spectrometer. These measurements were supplemented with studies of
electron excitation functions in terms of energy loss spectra, and delayed
coincidence measurements. Relative emission cross sections for the (4.1),
(4,2) and (5,3) bands are reported; these bands have peak cross sections at
impact energies 10.68, 10.68 and 11.00 eV respectively. Other processes
were observed in the same impact energy range; those from the second
positive system (C/sup 3/ pi /sub u/-B/sup 3/ pi /sub g/), and another
thought to be associated with the E/sup 3/ Sigma /sub g/$^+$ state
	},
	keywords={
		electron spectra
		fluorescence
		molecular electron scattering
		molecular excited states
		nitrogen
		electron impact
		optical excitation functions
		N$_2$
		first positive band system
		energy loss spectra
		delayed coincidence measurements
		fluorescence
		high energy resolution study
		relative emission cross sections
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{FeldmanJul75,
	author={Feldman, P.D. and Doering, J.P.},
	title={
Auroral electrons and the optical emissions of nitrogen
	},
	journal={Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume={80},
	number={19},
	year={1975},
	month={Jul},
	pages={2808-12},
	abstract={
The differential flux of auroral primary and secondary electrons and the
emission of the 1 PG and 2 PG (first and second positive) systems of N/sub
2/ and the 1 NG (first negative) system of N$_2$$^+$ were measured in
a rocket experiment during a steady IBC Pi $^+$ aurora. The incident
auroral electrons were nearly monoenergetic with energy of about 25 keV. A
single power law of the form F=F/sub 0/E/sup alpha / cannot accurately
describe the secondary electron spectrum in the energy range of 3-85 eV.
The excitation of the N$_2$ 6685 AA band and the N$_2$$^+$ 3914 AA
band is discussed
	},
	keywords={
		atmospheric ionisation
		aurora
		electron spectra
		nitrogen
		upper atmosphere
		secondary electron spectrum
		auroral primary electrons
		N$_2$ 6685 angstrom emission
		auroral secondary electrons
		N$_2$ first positive system emission
		N$_2$ second positive system
		N$_2$$^+$ first negative system
		N$_2$ 3914 angstrom excitation
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@BOOK{Jones74,
	author={Jones, A.V.},
	title={
Aurora
	},
	volume={},
	address={Dordrecht, Netherlands},
	publisher={Reidel},
	number={},
	year={1974},
	keywords={
		atmospheric techniques
		aurora
		aurora
		atmosphere
		auroral particle precipitation
		observation
		techniques
		optical methods
		},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{BorstMar73,
	author={Borst, W.L. and Imami, M.},
	title={
Production of secondary electrons in nitrogen by fast electrons and
simultaneous excitation of N$_2$ bands
	},
	journal={Journal of Applied Physics},
	volume={44},
	number={3},
	year={1973},
	month={Mar},
	pages={1133-41},
	abstract={
Band emissions from the second positive (2PG) and first negative (1NG)
systems of nitrogen were excited by secondary electrons in the pressure
range 10/sup -4/-1 Torr. The secondary electrons were produced in ionizing
collisions between N$_2$ molecules and fast primary electrons. Band
intensities were monitored inside and outside the interaction volume of the
primary electron beam, enabling one to separate the contributions from
secondary and primary electrons to the total excitation. 2PG bands were
produced solely by secondary electrons whereas 1NG bands were excited by
secondary and/or primary electrons depending on the interaction volume
viewed. The intensity ratio of the 2PG(0,0) band to the 1NG(0,0) band
excited by slow secondary electrons was found to be about 0.5 in the
pressure range 10/sup -3/-1 Torr at a primary electron energy of 1000 eV
	},
	keywords={
		molecular electron scattering
		molecular excitation
		nitrogen
		secondary electrons
		fast electrons
		excitation
		N$_2$ bands
		band emissions
		secondary electrons
		ionizing collisions
		N$_2$ molecules
		primary electrons
		energy spectrum
		auroral emissions
		electron spectra
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{SiplerNov72,
	author={Sipler, D.P. and Biondi, M.A.},
	title={
Measurements of O($^1$D) quenching rates in the F-region
	},
	journal={Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume={77},
	number={31},
	year={1972},
	month={Nov},
	pages={6202-12},
	abstract={
Determinations of the quenching of O($^1$D) atoms by N$_2$ and O/sub
2/ molecules in the F region have been made from observations of 6300-A
night glow intensity enhancements produced by the Platteville 1.6-mW
transmitter. The heating of F region electrons near the point of reflection
of the RF wave leads to electron impact excitation of oxygen atoms to the
O($^1$D) state. It is shown that at the lower altitudes the resulting
region of enhanced 6300-A emission is localized to the region of electron
energy absorption. At 225 km the measured time constants for intensity
build-up following transmitter turn on and for intensity decay following
turn off are identical and equal to (13+or-1) sec. Time constants of 30-80
sec are found for the altitude range 260-300 km. The quenching frequency
obtained at 225 km, referred to the altitude 120 km, is equal to (19+or-2)
sec/sup -1/, in agreement with less direct ionospheric determinations
	},
	keywords={
		F-region
		O($^1$D) quenching rates
		F-region
		N$_2$
		O$_2$
		night glow intensity enhancements
		reflection
		RF wave
		electron impact excitation
		time constants
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{Vreux71,
	author={Vreux, J.-M.},
	title={
Spectrophotographic recording of ultra-violet auroral emissions during a
rocket flight
	},
	journal={Annales de Geophysique},
	volume={27},
	number={4},
	year={1971},
	month={},
	pages={493-8},
	abstract={
Spectrographic recording of ultra-violet auroral emissions has been taken
during a rocket flight by means of an off-plane inverse Wadsworth mounting.
It has been shown that recorded intensities in the First Negative system of
N$_2$$^+$ and Second Positive system of N$_2$ agree with an
excitation by electron impact on molecular nitrogen in the zero vibrational
level of the fundamental state. The ratio between the total intensity of
the Lyman-Birge-Hopfield system and the N$_2$$^+$ band at 3914 AA is
shown to be less than 4
	},
	keywords={
		aurora
		nitrogen
		rockets
		spectra of diatomic inorganic molecules
		spectrographic recording
		rocket flight
		recorded intensities
		First Negative system of N$_2$$^+$
		Second Positive system of N$_2$
		zero vibrational level
		fundamental state
		UV auroral emissions
		off plane inverse Wadsworth mounting
		electron impact excitation
		Lyman Birge Hopfield system
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@TECHREPORT{ShemanskySep70,
	author={Shemansky, D.E. and Broadfoot, A.L.},
	title={
Excitation of N$_2$ and N$_2$$^+$ band systems by electrons. I.
Absolute transition probabilities
	},
	journal={},
	institution={},
	year={1970},
	pages={ 38},
	abstract={
The determination of the absolute transition probabilities for the N$_2$
first positive (1P) and N$_2$$^+$ Meinel (M) systems is described,
and tables of values for the N$_2$ second positive (2P) and N$_2$/sup
+/ first negative (1N) systems given. Estimates of the relative populations
of the excited levels are obtained as a by-product of the analysis of the
observed spectra for the determination of transition probabilities. These
values, converted into apparent relative population rates, are examined and
utilized to determine the excitation and deactivation processes affecting
the N$_2$ 1P and N$_2$$^+$ M excited states. Measurements at
various gas pressures, electron energies, and electron currents indicated
that there was not a simple relation between the observed relative
populations of the vibrational levels and the excitation rate of ground
state molecules to these levels. The process affecting the excited states
of both the N$_2$ 1P and N$_2$$^+$ M systems in fact could not be
interpreted without combined steady state and transient measurements.
Electron excitation cross sections of the N$_2$ 1P, 2P and N$_2$/sup
+/ M systems determined relative to the established N$_2$$^+$ 1N
cross section are presented
	},
	keywords={
		molecular excitation
		nitrogen
		spectra of diatomic inorganic molecules
		N$_2$
		N$_2$$^+$
		electron excitations
		absolute transition probabilities
		Meinel systems
		relative populations
		excited levels
		},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{DoeringSep70,
	author={Doering, J.P. and Fastie, W.G. and Feldman, P.D.},
	title={
Photoelectron excitation of N$_2$ in the day airglow
	},
	journal={Journal of Geophysical Research},
	volume={75},
	number={25},
	year={1970},
	month={Sep},
	pages={4787-802},
	abstract={
The intensity of the 3371 AA (0, 0) band of the N$_2$ second positive
system and the energy spectrum and flux of daytime photoelectrons were
measured simultaneously between the altitudes of 100 and 300 km with
instruments aboard a Nike-Tomahawk Rocket. A zenith intensity of 230
Rayleighs above 120 km was observed, and a maximum volume emission rate of
25 photons sec/sup -1/ cm/sup -3/ was found to occur near 155 km. The
altitude profile calculated by using the measured flux and the known
excitation cross section for the C/sup 3/ Pi /sub u/ state gives an
excellent fit to the photometer data. A study of the electron excitation of
the first positive bands of N/sub 3/ predicts a dayglow intensity of the
(1, 0) band that is in good agreement with a recent observation
	},
	keywords={
		airglow
		nitrogen
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@CONFERENCE{McConkey69,
	author={McConkey, J.W. and Simpson, F.R.},
	title={
Electron excitation of the first positive bands of N$_2$ and the Meinel
bands of N$_2$$^+$
	},
	booktitle={6th International conference on the physics of electronic and atomiccollisions (abstracts)},
	volume={},
	number={},
	year={1969},
	month={},
	pages={414-18},
	abstract={
Abstract only given, substantially as follows: A knowledge of the absolute
excitation cross-section of the First Positive and Meinel Bands under
electron impact is of direct interest in studies of the mechanisms
responsible for the aurora and the airglow where these bands are prominent
features. This paper presents measurements of these cross-sections over the
energy range 0 to 700 eV. The band systems in question occur mainly in the
near infra-red spectral region
	},
	keywords={
		molecular excitation
		nitrogen
		spectra of diatomic inorganic molecules
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{SchowengerdtMar70,
	author={Schowengerdt, F.D. and Park, J.T.},
	title={
Energy-loss spectra and collision cross sections for impact of 20-120- keV
positive ions on molecular nitrogen
	},
	journal={Physical Review A (General Physics)},
	volume={1},
	number={3},
	year={1970},
	month={Mar},
	pages={848-55},
	abstract={
Inelastic energy-loss spectra induced by impact of H$^+$, H$_2$/sup
+/, and Ar$^+$ on N$_2$ have beem measured at incident energies of
20-120 keV, with an energy resolution of about 2 eV. Prominent peaks are
observed at energy losses of 9.5 and 13.8 eV. The first of these is well
resolved and is attributed to excitation of the Lyman-Birge-Hopfield (LBH)
system of N$_2$. The peak at 13.8 eV is believed due primarily to
excitation of the b $^1$ pi /sub u/ band of the Worley-Jenkins series.
The locations of these features on the energy-loss scale do not agree with
results of the electron impact work of others and, in general, show trends
with projectile velocity that are consistent with an assumed enhancement of
excitation to higher vibrational states with the heavier particles.
Collision cross sections for excitation of two peaks are presented, as well
as the total ionization cross section and the cross section for total
inelastic processes in the case of proton impact
	},
	keywords={
		molecular collision processes
		molecular excitation
		nitrogen
		spectra of diatomic inorganic molecules
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{GardinerDec69,
	author={Gardiner, H.A.B. and Pendleton, W.R., Jr. and Merrill, J.J. and Baker, D.J.},
	title={
Cross sections for some N$_2$ and N$_2$$^+$ emissions induced in
an N$_2$ target by 20- to 100-keV H$^+$ and H impact
	},
	journal={Physical Review},
	volume={188},
	number={1},
	year={1969},
	month={Dec},
	pages={257-68},
	abstract={
Absolute emission cross sections for nine N$_2$$^+$ first negative
bands (v'=0 to v"=0,1,2,3, and v'=1 to v"=0,1,2,3,4) have been determined
under single-collision conditions in the excitation of ground-state N/sub
2/ molecules by a beam of 20- to 100-keV protons. Emission cross sections
for the (0,0) band of the N$_2$$^+$ first negative system and the
(0,2) band of the N$_2$ second positive system resulting from fast
hydrogen-atom impact on ground- state N$_2$ molecules were obtained
through the use of a charge-exchange model which predicted the observed
variation of emission intensity with N$_2$ pressure. The model also
yielded values for the sum of the cross sections for electron capture and
loss by fast hydrogenic beam particles traversing N$_2$. An upper limit
of 4*10/sup -20/ cm/sup 2/ has been established for the emission cross
section of the (0,2) N$_2$ second positive band resulting from 100-keV
proton impact
	},
	keywords={
		hydrogen ions
		hydrogen neutral atoms
		molecular excitation
		nitrogen
		spectra of diatomic inorganic molecules
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@TECHREPORT{ONeilJan68,
	author={O'Neil, R.R. and Davidson, G.},
	title={
The fluorescence of air and nitrogen excited by energetic electrons (Final
Report, 12 Mar. 1964-11 Feb. 1967)
	},
	journal={},
	institution={},
	year={1968},
	pages={ 150},
	abstract={
The optical radiation from air and nitrogen bombarded by energetic (keV)
electrons was measured over a wide range of gas pressures. Absolute
fluorescent efficiencies of spectra from 3200 to 11000A. are presented for
air and nitrogen at both 22 torr excited by 10 keV electrons and 600 torr
excited by 50 KeV electrons. At lower pressures, absolute intensity
measurements have been made in the form of electron excitation cross
sections for the first negative and Meinel bands of N$_2$(+). The
radiative lifetimes of the Meinel bands are also given. The pressure
dependence of the first and second positive systems of N$_2$ and the
first negative and Meinel of N$_2$(+) was analyzed. With the exception
of the Meinel bands, the Stern-Volmer collisional quenching mechanism
accurately describes the pressure dependence of these systems in nitrogen
and air. Based on the Stern-Volmer analysis, the absolute intensity of the
electron-induced fluorescence is determined for various transitions of
these four band systems for any pressure of air or nitrogen
	},
	keywords={
		air
		atmospheric spectra
		luminescence of gases
		nitrogen
		},
}
/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.16862
@ARTICLE{StantonMar69,
	author={Stanton, P.N. and St John, R.M.},
	title={
Electron excitation of the first positive bands of N$_2$ and of the
first negative and Meinel bands of N$_2$$^+$
	},
	journal={Journal of the Optical Society of America},
	volume={59},
	number={3},
	year={1969},
	month={Mar},
	pages={252-60},
	abstract={
Absolute optical cross sections for the excitation from the X/sup 2/ Sigma
/sub g/$^+$ ground state of N$_2$ by electron impact have been
measured for 39 nu $_2$ first positive bands (B/sup 3/ Pi /sub g/-98 3
been measured for 39 N$_2$ first positive bands (B/sup 3/ Pi /sub
g/-A/sup 3/ Sigma /sub u/$^+$), 12 N$_2$$^+$ first negative bands
(B/sup 2/ Sigma /sub u/-X/sup 2/ Sigma /sub g/$^+$), and 10 N$_2$/sup
+/ Meinel bands (A/sup 2/ Pi /sub u/-X/sup 3/ Sigma /sub g/$^+$).
Relative excitation functions are presented for N$_2$ first negative
bands with v' values from 0 through 9 for 0 to 50 eV, for the (0,0) and
(1,0) N$_2$$^+$ first negative bands for 0 to 450 eV, and for the
(3,0) and (4,1) N$_2$$^+$ Meinel bands for 0 to 450 eV. The
first-positive excitation functions exhibit sharp peaks at 10-12 eV and at
14-15 eV and exhibit an S-shaped change in slope about midway between onset
and the maximum of the first sharp peak. The first negative and Meinel
excitation functions have broad maxima at about 120 eV and 100 eV
	},
	keywords={
		molecular excitation
		nitrogen
		spectra of diatomic inorganic molecules
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}
@ARTICLE{HartmanNov68,
	author={Hartman, P.L.},
	title={
New measurements of the fluorescence efficiency of air under electron
bombardment
	},
	journal={Planetary and Space Science},
	volume={16},
	number={11},
	year={1968},
	month={Nov},
	pages={1315-40},
	abstract={
The fluorescence efficiency of air under electron bombardment has been
measured at a pressure corresponding to an altitude of 65 km, for electron
energies around 700 eV, with the principal measurements at the bright
3914-AA band of the N$_2$$^+$ ion. Spectra were obtained for air
emission in the range of 2500-12000 AA. Comparison of the radiation in the
3914-AA band to that in the whole spectrum gave a total efficiency of eta
T=1.86 per cent for this spectral range. Efficiencies of other bands were
also determined by comparison with the 3914-AA. The 3914-AA efficiency, for
electron energies of from 165 to 1000 eV, was found to be nearly
independent of energy. The dependence on pressure of the light output in
the spectral range 3000-11000 LB was observed for electron energies of 750
and 1425 eV and pressures from 30 to 960 mu . Intensities of some N/sub
2/$^+$ Meinel bands were compared with the first positive (0,0) band at
pressures from 50 to 1 mu in nitrogen and air. The intensity relative to
the first positive band increases in nitrogen and air. The intensity
relative to the first positive band increases by an order of magnitude over
this pressure range in nitrogen. To check photometric techniques, the
cross-section for excitation of the 3914-AA band by 750-eV electrons was
measured and found to be in satisfactory agreement with results obtained by
Holland (1967). Some electron range measurements also gave results in
agreement with previous work
	},
	keywords={
		air
		luminescence of gases
		nitrogen
		terrestrial atmosphere
		},
	mynotes={UNREAD},
}