/usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @CONFERENCE{Higuchi99, author={Higuchi, T.}, title={ Zero phase current measurements at neutral earth of transformer by EM propagation for possible earthquake prediction }, booktitle={Eleventh International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering (Conf. Publ.No.467)}, volume={}, number={}, year={1999}, month={}, pages={421-4 vol.5}, abstract={ The VAN method of measuring telluric current has resulted in successful earthquake prediction. Such experiments in Japan and abroad, have revealed electromagnetic variations in the earth depending on crust distortion stress. Building a large-scale extensive information-processing network of observation points may enable detection of abnormal telluric current and spatial electromagnetic waves as signs of earthquakes. Successful detection should improve prediction reliability. In substations, located at both ends of a long-distance power transmission line, the electric power company grounds the neutral earth lines of the three-phase transformers in order to protect the power transmission system and to prevent injury to workers. The power transmission line, the earth, and the neutral earth lines of transformers compose a large loop circuit. Measurements were made to assist the detection of the telluric current that circulates deep in the earth. An impulse generator (IG) was used as an artificial lightning generator to input pulse current to the earth. A simulated transformer earth line was tested for electromagnetic-wave detection. It has been reported that at 300 kHz or less, electromagnetic waves are transmitted through the transformer neutral earth line without damping. We estimate that seismic information can be obtained from the transformer neutral earth line. If electromagnetic waves emit from the surface or topsoil, it is possible to locate the electromagnetic wave source from its arrival time and the difference between the spatial electromagnetic waves and the earth current }, keywords={ earthing earthquakes electric current measurement electromagnetic wave propagation electromagnetic wave transmission power transformers power transmission lines seismology terrestrial electricity zero phase current measurements transformer neutral earth EM propagation earthquake prediction telluric current measurement Japan electromagnetic variations crust distortion stress spatial electromagnetic waves prediction reliability improvement long-distance power transmission line neutral earth lines three-phase transformers large loop circuit impulse generator artificial lightning generator electromagnetic-wave detection electromagnetic waves transmission electromagnetic wave source location terrestrial electricity geoelectric method precursor }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @CONFERENCE{Hidayat99, author={Hidayat, S. and Sirait, K.T. and Pakpahan, P.M. and Ishii, M. and Hojo, J.}, title={ Lightning characteristics on Java Island, observed by lightning location network }, booktitle={Eleventh International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering (Conf. Publ.No.467)}, volume={}, number={}, year={1999}, month={}, pages={192-5 vol.2}, abstract={ To investigate characteristics of lightning in the tropics, an observation using a lightning detection network has been carried out on the Java Island (Indonesia) since February 1994, employing the combination of MDF and TOA techniques with four stations. Analysis on the collected data revealed high lightning flash density around the Java Island, especially during the rainy season. The highest annual flash density on the Java Island was 16 flashes per km/sup 2/ per year. Lightning activity around Java exhibits a diurnal variation, where the activity mostly takes place on the island in the afternoon. A smaller peak of activity, especially in the rainy season, takes place in the early morning offshore. The median of the lightning current amplitudes in this area is around 26 kA, close to the result of direct measurement. The analysis also shows that discharges on the sea bring larger currents than those on the land. Storms on the land tend to deliver more number of strokes with higher maximum flash rates in smaller coverage areas than those occur on the sea }, keywords={ atmospheric techniques lightning thunderstorms Java Island lightning characteristics lightning location network Indonesia MDF technique TOA technique lightning flash density rainy season lightning current amplitudes direct measurement sea discharges flash rate coverage area }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{HuangJul99, author={Huang, E. and Williams, E. and Boldi, R. and Heckman, S. and Lyons, W. and Taylor, M. and Nelson, T. and Wong, C.}, title={ Criteria for sprites and elves based on Schumann resonance observations }, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research}, volume={104}, number={D14}, year={1999}, month={Jul}, pages={16943-64}, abstract={ Ground flashes with positive polarity associated with both sprites and elves excite the Earth's Schumann resonances to amplitudes several times greater than the background resonances. Theoretical predictions for dielectric breakdown in the mesosphere are tested using ELF methods to evaluate vertical charge moments of positive ground flashes. Comparisons of the measured time constants for lightning charge transfer with the electrostatic relaxation time at altitudes of nighttime sprite initiation (50-70 km) generally validate the electrostatic assumption in predictions made initially by Wilson (1925). The measured charge moments (QdS=200-2000 C-km) are large in comparison with ordinary negative lightning but are generally insufficient to account for conventional air breakdown at sprite altitudes. The measured charge moments, however, are sufficient to account for electron runaway breakdown, and the long avalanche length in this mechanism also accounts for the exclusive association of sprites with ground flashes of positive polarity. The association of elves with large peak currents (50-200 kA) measured by the National Lightning Detection Network in a band pass beyond the Schumann resonance range is consistent with an electromagnetic pulse mechanism for these events }, keywords={ Earth-ionosphere waveguide lightning mesosphere sprites elves Schumann resonance observations mesospheric dielectric breakdown ELF methods vertical charge moments positive ground flashes measured time constants lightning charge transfer electrostatic relaxation time nighttime sprite initiation air breakdown electron runaway breakdown avalanche length peak currents National Lightning Detection Network EM pulse mechanism }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{StithJul99, author={Stith, J. and Dye, J. and Ridley, B. and Laroche, P. and Defer, E. and Baumann, K. and Hubler, G. and Zerr, R. and Venticinique, M.}, title={ NO signatures from lightning flashes }, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research}, volume={104}, number={D13}, year={1999}, month={Jul}, pages={16081-9}, abstract={ In situ measurements of cloud properties, NO, and other trace gases were made in active thunderstorms by two research aircraft. Concurrent measurements from a three-dimensional (3D) VHF interferometer and the 2D National Lightning Detection Network were used to determine lightning frequency and location. The CHILL Doppler radar and the NOAA-WP-3D Orion X band Doppler radar were also used to measure storm characteristics. Two case studies from the (STERAO) Stratosphere-Troposphere Experiments: Radiation, Aerosols, and Ozone project in northeastern Colorado during the summer of 1996 are presented. Narrow spikes (0.11-0.96 km across), containing up to 19 ppbv of NO, were observed in the storms. Most were located in or downwind of electrically active regions where the NO produced by lightning would be expected. However, it was difficult to correlate individual flashes with NO spikes. A simple model of the plume of NO from lightning is used to estimate NO production from the mean mixing ratio measured in these spikes. The estimates range from 2.0*10/sup 20/ to 1.0*10/sup 22/ molecules of NO per meter of flash length }, keywords={ atmospheric composition clouds lightning nitrogen compounds thunderstorms atmosphere troposphere chemical composition thundercloud cloud thunderstorm lightning trace gas United States USA STERAO Colorado summer AD 1996 NO }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{PetersenFeb99, author={Petersen, W.A. and Carey, L.D. and Rutledge, S.A. and Knievel, J.C. and Doesken, N.J. and Johnson, R.H. and McKee, T.B. and Vonder Haar, T. and Weaver, J.F.}, title={ Mesoscale and radar observations of the Fort Collins flash flood of 28 July 1997 }, journal={Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society}, volume={80}, number={2}, year={1999}, month={Feb}, pages={191-216}, abstract={ On the evening of 28 July 1997 the city of Fort Collins, Colorado, experienced a devastating flash flood that caused five fatalities and over 200 million dollars in damage. Maximum accumulations of rainfall in the western part of the city exceeded 10 in. in a 6-h period. This study presents a multiscale meteorological overview of the event utilizing a wide variety of instrument platforms and data including rain gauge, CSU-CHILL multiparameter radar, Next Generation Radar, National Lightning Detection Network, surface and Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System observations, satellite observations, and synoptic analyses. Many of the meteorological features associated with the Fort Collins flash flood typify those of similar events in the western United States. Prominent features in the Fort Collins case included the presence of a 500-hPa ridge axis over northeastern Colorado; a weak shortwave trough on the western side of the ridge; postfrontal easterly upslope flow at low levels; weak to moderate southwesterly flow aloft; a deep, moist warm layer in the sounding; and the occurrence of a quasi-stationary rainfall system. In contrast to previous events such as the Rapid City or Big Thompson floods, the thermodynamic environment of the Fort Collins storm exhibited only modest instability, consistent with low lightning flash rates and an absence of hail and other severe storm signatures. Radar, rain gauge, and lightning observations provided a detailed view of the cloud and precipitation morphology. Polarimetric radar observations suggest that a coupling between warm-rain collision coalescence processes and ice processes played an important role in the rainfall production }, keywords={ atmospheric movements clouds lightning meteorology rain storms wind atmosphere mesoscale meteorology storm wind AD 1997 07 28 radar observations Fort Collins flash flood Colorado United States USA rain rainfall city synoptic analysis ridge axis weak shortwave trough postfrontal easterly upslope flow lightning severe storm precipitation cloud collision coalescence microphysics }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{MolinariApr99, author={Molinari, J. and Moore, P. and Idone, V.}, title={ Convective structure of hurricanes as revealed by lightning locations }, journal={Monthly Weather Review}, volume={127}, number={4}, year={1999}, month={Apr}, pages={520-34}, abstract={ Cloud-to-ground lightning flash locations were examined for nine Atlantic basin hurricanes using data from the National Lightning Detection Network. A common radial distribution in ground flash density was evident: a weak maximum in the eyewall region, a clear minimum 80-100 km outside the eyewall, and a strong maximum in the vicinity of outer rainbands (210-290-km radius). These results are consistent with the authors' previous study of Hurricane Andrew. None of the storms showed this characteristic radial structure during prehurricane stages. The results support the division of precipitation in the hurricane into three distinct regimes. The eyewall is a unique phenomenon but shares some attributes with deep, weakly electrified oceanic monsoonal convection. The region outside the eyewall and under the central dense overcast has characteristics of the trailing stratiform region of mesoscale convective systems, including a relatively high fraction of positive polarity flashes. The outer bands, with mean maximum flash density at the 250-km radius, contain the vast majority of ground flashes in the storms. Eyewall lightning, defined as that within 40 km of the center, was examined for four moderate-to-strong hurricanes. Suggestions are made as to how eyewall flashes might be used to predict hurricane intensity change }, keywords={ lightning storms convective structure cloud-to-ground lightning flash locations Atlantic basin hurricanes National Lightning Detection Network radial distribution ground flash density eyewall region outer rainbands Hurricane Andrew precipitation central dense overcast positive polarity flashes maximum flash density eyewall flashes hurricane intensity change prediction }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{HollerJun99, author={Holler, H. and Finke, U. and Huntrieser, H. and Hagen, M. and Feigl, C.}, title={ Lightning-produced NO/sub x/ (LINOX): experimental design and case study results }, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research}, volume={104}, number={D11}, year={1999}, month={Jun}, pages={13911-22}, abstract={ This paper investigates the role of lightning in the production of nitrogen oxides (NO/sub x/) and their subsequent distribution by thunderstorms. These questions were addressed by the field experiment LINOX (lightning produced NO/sub x/), which was performed in southern Germany in July 1996. The structure of thunderstorms was observed by radar and satellite, the lightning activity was recorded by a lightning detection network, and airborne chemical measurements were performed aboard a jet aircraft penetrating the storm anvils. NO/sub x/ concentrations in the storm anvils were found to typically range from 1 to 4 parts per billion by volume. The NO contribution to the total NO/sub x/ was found to be dominant in narrow peaks produced by flashes as well as near cloud boundaries, probably because of increased photolysis rates of NO/sub 2/. Using CO/sub 2/ as an air mass tracer, the lightning-produced NO/sub x/ amount was discriminated from the contribution due to transport of air from the boundary layer. It was found from a case study of a large storm anvil that lightning-produced NO/sub x/ was present in the same order of magnitude as the amount of NO/sub x/ originating from lower levels; during later stages of cloud development, the content of the former even exceeded the latter one. A simple two-dimensional model of advection and dispersion of the lightning-produced NO/sub x/ was able to reproduce the general structure of the anvil NO/sub x/ plume. Some NO/sub x/ peaks could directly be attributed to flash observations close to the aircraft track }, keywords={ atmospheric chemistry atmospheric composition atmospheric techniques clouds lightning nitrogen compounds thunderstorms troposphere atmosphere troposphere chemical composition lightning-produced lightning LINOX thunderstorm spatial distribution lightning produced NO/sub x/ Germany AD 1996 07 aircraft measurement technique radar remote sensing lightning detection network storm anvil cloud chemistry production rate NO NO/sub 2/ }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{ShortJul99, author={Short, T.A. and Ammon, R.H.}, title={ Monitoring results of the effectiveness of surge arrester spacings on distribution line protection }, journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery}, volume={14}, number={3}, year={1999}, month={Jul}, pages={1142-50}, abstract={ Surge arresters were evaluated as a means of improving reliability by reduction in 13 kV distribution line flashovers; five feeders were extensively monitored for three years. Lightning-caused faults were detected with the US National Lightning Detection Network, magnetic-field and optical sensors attached to fault recorders, and lightning-activated camera systems. Three circuits had arresters added on all phases with spacings of 40 m (every pole), 200 m, and 400 m respectively. Two other control circuits had no additional arresters. There was no discernible difference in the lightning performance of the circuits outfitted with the different arrester spacings when line length and lightning flash exposure are considered. Evidence indicated that most of the faults were caused by direct strokes rather than induced voltage flashovers. The monitored circuits are in areas with relatively heavy tree coverage which should reduce the number of direct strokes but cause higher induced voltages. In a surprising result, the circuit with arresters installed on every pole had several lightning-caused faults }, keywords={ arresters lightning protection monitoring power distribution faults power distribution lines power distribution protection power system measurement distribution line protection surge arrester spacings protection effectiveness monitoring feeders lightning faults lightning performance 13 kV }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @CONFERENCE{Longo99, author={Longo, V.J. and Hickman, C.}, title={ Lightning research update including new uses of lighting data }, booktitle={IEEE Power Engineering Society. 1999 Winter Meeting (Cat. No.99CH36233)}, volume={}, number={}, year={1999}, month={}, pages={1285-6 vol.2}, abstract={ The 1989 implementation of a National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) was a joint effort of the National Severe Storms Laboratory, the Bureau of Land Management, the State University of New York at Albany and EPRI. That event followed about five years of research and development activities which paved the way for such a network to be feasible. Further, this network offered the possibility of a depth of understanding of lightning phenomena which was previously only dreamed about. The National Lightning Detection Network has been commercialized-it is no longer a research project, it is a business. And, as we head toward the network's tenth anniversary, a glimpse of the data obtained and some of the uses to which the data is being applied is provided. When NLDN started operations, location accuracy of flashes was advertised as one kilometer and the location technology in use tracked lightning flashes (a lightning flash could have one or more subsequent strokes). Today, using advanced sensor technology, detection accuracy is on the order of one hundred meters and the unit of lightning location (and other data) is the stroke. In fact, using a Fault And Lightning Location System (FALLS/sup TM/) Workstation, location accuracy and other characteristics of individual strokes can be determined for both macro and micro geographic locations. For the utility engineer, the equipment manufacturer and the scientist, a whole new level of insight into lightning is available. The use of this data in several research venues is highlighted. Further, two novel uses of this data by electric utilities is also presented }, keywords={ atmospheric measuring apparatus atmospheric techniques electricity supply industry lightning lightning protection power system protection electric utilities National Lightning Detection Network USA research update lightning phenomena flash location accuracy advanced sensor technology FALLS/sup TM/ Workstation power system lightning protection }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{TapiaNov98, author={Tapia, A. and Smith, J.A. and Dixon, M.}, title={ Estimation of convective rainfall from lightning observations }, journal={Journal of Applied Meteorology}, volume={37}, number={11}, year={1998}, month={Nov}, pages={1497-509}, abstract={ Develops a technique to use lightning observations for estimating convective rainfall. A framework for rainfall estimation is developed in which key elements are (1) the rainfall-lightning ratio, that is, the convective rainfall mass per cloud-to-ground lightning flash; (2) the spatial distribution of rainfall relative to flash locations; and (3) the temporal distribution of rainfall relative to the time of lightning occurrence. These three elements are examined through a study of 22 boreal summer thunderstorms in the domain covered by the Melbourne, Florida, WSR-88D radar during August of 1992 and 1993. The analyses are carried out by combining lightning observations from the National Lightning Detection Network with storm parameters computed from 3D reflectivity observations using the Thunderstorm Identification Tracking and Nowcasting storm-tracking and analysis algorithms. The effect of the prevailing convective regime on the variability of lightning-rainfall relationships is investigated. The rainfall estimation procedure is implemented and tested for a thunderstorm that occurred on 20 August 1992. Rainfall estimates derived from lightning observations are of potential use for short-term prediction of flash floods, especially in regions of poor radar coverage. Potential uses of this method also include correction of radar-estimated rainfall for range effects }, keywords={ atmospheric techniques lightning rain thunderstorms convective rainfall estimation lightning observations rainfall-lightning ratio cloud-to-ground lightning flash spatial rainfall distribution lightning flash locations temporal distribution boreal summer thunderstorms Melbourne Florida USA WSR-88D radar AD 1993 08 AD 1992 08 National Lightning Detection Network storm parameters 3D reflectivity observations Thunderstorm Identification Tracking and Nowcasting storm-tracking algorithm analysis algorithms AD 1992 08 20 short-term prediction flash floods radar-estimated rainfall correction range effects }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{WackerJan99, author={Wacker, R.S. and Orville, R.E.}, title={ Changes in measured lightning flash count and return stroke peak current after the 1994 U.S. National Lightning Detection Network upgrade. 1. Observations }, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research}, volume={104}, number={D2}, year={1999}, month={Jan}, pages={2151-7}, abstract={ A total of more than 134 million cloud-to-ground lightning flashes (127 million negative, 7 million positive), occurring during 1989-1995 in the continental United States, have been studied on a monthly and yearly basis for variations in flash count, first stroke peak current, and polarity. The years 1989-1993 cover a period in which similar instrumentation was used throughout the United States. In 1994 the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) underwent a system-wide upgrade to improve location accuracy and detection efficiency. As a result of this upgrade, the authors observe in the NLDN that the negative mean peak current decreased from a preupgrade (1989-1993) mean of 37.5 kA to a 1995 value of 30.2 kA, a decrease of 3.4 standard deviations. The positive mean peak current decreased from 54.4 to 31.6 kA, a 5.0 standard deviation decrease. The NLDN negative flash count increased 1.2 standard deviations, from a preupgrade mean of 16.7 million flashes yr/sup -1/ to 20.6 million flashes in 1995. The positive flash count increased 6.2 standard deviations, from an average of 696000 flashes yr/sup -1/ before the upgrade to 2.1 million flashes in 1995. Both the negative and the positive flash count increases were predominantly at low peak currents }, keywords={ atmospheric measuring apparatus atmospheric techniques lightning AD 1994 AD 1995 atmosphere lightning United States USA flash count return stroke peak current electric current National Lightning Detection Network upgrade detection efficiency location accuracy measurement technique }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{WackerJan99, author={Wacker, R.S. and Orville, R.E.}, title={ Changes in measured lightning flash count and return stroke peak current after the 1994 U.S. National Lightning Detection Network upgrade. 2. Theory }, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research}, volume={104}, number={D2}, year={1999}, month={Jan}, pages={2159-62}, abstract={ For pt.1 see ibid., vol.104, no.D2, p.2151-7 (1999). A model of return stroke detection by the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) magnetic direction finder (MDF) sensors is used to approximate the pulse width criterion modification made to the sensors during the 1994 upgrade. Decreasing the pulse width detection criterion used by the MDF sensors increases their effective detection range, which increases their sensitivity to weak flashes (because of NLDN network geometry, increasing sensitivity has little effect on detection of strong flashes). Consequently, the authors observe an increase in the weak flash counts. The increased detection of weak flashes accounts, in part, for the decrease in mean peak currents observed in subsequent years to 1994. In addition to decreasing the mean peak current of detected positive and negative flashes, the NLDN-upgrade has apparently had the unwanted effect of increasing the contamination of the positive CG flash data with cloud flashes }, keywords={ atmospheric techniques lightning atmosphere measurement technique United States USA lightning flash count return stroke peak current change AD 1994 National Lightning Detection Network upgrade return stroke detection model magnetic direction finder pulse width criterion modification weak flash count }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{LyonsOct98, author={Lyons, W.A. and Nelson, T.E. and Williams, E.R. and Cramer, J.A. and Turner, T.R.}, title={ Enhanced positive cloud-to-ground lightning in thunderstorms ingesting smoke from fires }, journal={Science}, volume={282}, number={5386}, year={1998}, month={Oct}, pages={77-80}, abstract={ Smoke from forest fires in southern Mexico was advected into the U.S. southern plains from April to June 1998. Cloud-to-ground lightning (CG) flash data from the National Lightning Detection Network matched against satellite-mapped aerosol plumes imply that thunderstorms forming in smoke-contaminated air masses generated large amounts of lightning with positive polarity (+CGs). During 2 months, nearly half a million flashes in the southern plains exhibited +CG percentages that were triple the climatological norm. The peak currents in these +CGs were double the expected value. These thunderstorms also produced abnormally high numbers of mesospheric optical sprites }, keywords={ air pollution fires lightning mesosphere smoke thunderstorms enhanced positive cloud-to-ground lightning thunderstorms southern Mexico forest fires USA southern plains AD 1998 04 to 06 lightning flash data National Lightning Detection Network satellite-mapped aerosol plumes smoke-contaminated air masses positive polarity peak currents mesospheric optical sprites }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{CumminsNov98, author={Cummins, K.L. and Krider, E.P. and Malone, M.D.}, title={ The US National Lightning Detection Network/sup TM/ and applications of cloud-to-ground lightning data by electric power utilities }, journal={IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility}, volume={40}, number={4}, year={1998}, month={Nov}, pages={465-80}, abstract={ Lightning is a significant cause of interruptions or damage in almost every electrical or electronic system that is exposed to thunderstorms. The problem is particularly severe for electric power utilities that have exposed assets covering large areas. We summarize the basic properties of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning, the primary hazard to structures on the ground, and then we discuss methods of detecting and locating such discharges. We describe the US National Lightning Detection Network/sup TM/ (NLDN), a system that senses the electromagnetic fields that are radiated by individual return strokes in CG flashes. This network provides data on the time of such strokes, their location and polarity and an estimate of the peak current. We discuss the network detection efficiency and location accuracy and some of the limitations that are inherent in any detection system that operates with a finite number of sensors with fixed trigger thresholds. We also discuss how NLDN data have benefited utilities by providing lightning warnings in real time and information on whether CG strokes are the cause of faults, documenting the response of fixed assets that are exposed to lightning, and quantifying the effectiveness of lightning protection systems. We conclude with some general observations on the use of lightning data by power utilities and we provide some guidelines on the uncertainties in lightning parameters that are acceptable in the industry }, keywords={ electricity supply industry electromagnetic fields lightning lightning protection power system faults reviews thunderstorms US National Lightning Detection Network cloud-to-ground lightning data electric power utilities electronic system electrical system thunderstorms electromagnetic fields return strokes polarity peak current network detection efficiency location accuracy fixed trigger thresholds NLDN data cloud-to-ground strokes lightning protection systems lightning parameters uncertainties }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{FullekrugNov98, author={Fullekrug, M. and Reising, S.C.}, title={ Excitation of Earth-ionosphere cavity resonances by sprite-associated lightning flashes }, journal={Geophysical Research Letters}, volume={25}, number={22}, year={1998}, month={Nov}, pages={4145-8}, abstract={ Simultaneously recorded discrete excitations of Earth-ionosphere cavity resonances at Silberborn, Germany, and Hollister, California, À9.1 Mm apart, are used to triangulate source locations of lightning flashes in the continental United States with an accuracy of À0.8 Mm, as verified by the National Lightning Detection Network. The identified lightning flashes are mainly associated with positive cloud-to-ground discharges with first return stroke peak currents À20-70 kA. 80% of these particular lightning flashes are associated with sprites, as verified by simultaneous low-light level TV camera observations at Yucca Ridge, Colorado. This high probability of sprite detection is attributed to particularly large cloud-to-ground lightning currents, simultaneously exciting both Earth-ionosphere cavity resonances and sprites }, keywords={ Earth-ionosphere waveguide lightning Earth-ionosphere cavity resonance excitation sprite-associated lightning flashes discrete excitations Silberborn Germany Hollister California source location triangulation lightning flashes continental United States National Lightning Detection Network positive cloud-to-ground discharges first return stroke peak currents low-light level TV camera observations Yucca Ridge Colorado 20 to 70 kA }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{WescottMay98, author={Wescott, E.M. and Sentman, D.D. and Heavner, M.J. and Hampton, D.L. and Lyons, W.A. and Nelson, T.}, title={ Observations of columniform' sprites }, journal={Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics}, volume={60}, number={7-9}, year={1998}, month={May}, pages={733-40}, abstract={ This paper reports observations of a distinctive form of sprites associated with positive CG flashes carrying currents of 23 or less to about 100 kA in mesoscale thunderstorms. The sprites are characterized by long vertical columns about 10 km long, less than 1 km in diameter, and show virtually no variation in brightness along their length. Three dimensional triangulation of what the authors define as a columniform' sprite (c-sprite) event on the evening of 19 June 1995 showed that the individual elements had an average terminal altitude of 86.7 km and an average bottom of 76.2 km. Some show faint diffuse hair' or tendrils extending above and below the column. The sprite columns are nearly vertical, in video imagery. On some evenings, c-sprites are the dominant form of sprite activity above thunderstorms but, on other nights with many sprites, they may not be observed at all. Comparison of c-sprite forms vs National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) positive cloud-to-ground current, shows a progression from simple thin vertical forms to brighter and more complicated forms. Theoretical explanations which predict the form and vertical structure of the classical sprites do not at present account for these different forms }, keywords={ airglow lightning mesosphere stratosphere thermosphere thunderstorms thermosphere mesosphere middle atmosphere stratosphere thunderstorm lightning airglow columniform sprite positive cloud to ground flash mesoscale thunderstorm long vertical column AD 1995 06 19 terminal altitude faint diffuse hair tendrils c-sprite New Mexico United States USA }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{BoccippioMay98, author={Boccippio, D.J. and Wong, C. and Williams, E.R. and Boldi, R. and Christian, H.J. and Goodman, S.J.}, title={ Global validation of single-station Schumann resonance lightning location }, journal={Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics}, volume={60}, number={7-9}, year={1998}, month={May}, pages={701-12}, abstract={ Global measurements of large, optically bright lightning events from the Optical Transient Detector (OTD) satellite are used to validate estimates of lightning location from single-station Schumann resonance (SR) data. Bearing estimates are obtained through conventional magnetic direction-finding techniques, while source range is estimated from the range-dependent impedance spectrum of individual SR transients. An analysis of 40 such transients suggests that single-station techniques can locate lightning globally with an accuracy of 1-2 Mm. This is confirmed by further validation at dose ranges from flashes detected by the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN). Observations with both OTD and SR systems may be useful for globally locating lightning with necessary, if not sufficient, characteristics to trigger mesospheric sprites }, keywords={ atmospheric techniques Earth-ionosphere waveguide lightning mesosphere Earth ionosphere waveguide ELF single-station Schumann resonance lightning location Schumann resonance lightning global validation optically bright lightning Optical Transient Detector satellite OTD magnetic direction-finding source range measurement technique position determination mesosphere sprite }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{LyonsAug98, author={Lyons, W.A. and Uliasz, M. and Nelson, T.E.}, title={ Large peak current cloud-to-ground lightning flashes during the summer months in the contiguous United States }, journal={Monthly Weather Review}, volume={126}, number={8}, year={1998}, month={Aug}, pages={2217-33}, abstract={ A clear association between large peak current cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flashes of positive polarity and sprites and elves in the stratosphere and mesosphere has been previously demonstrated. This paper reports on the first climatology of large peak current CG (LPCCG) lightning flashes compiled from the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network. Analysis of almost 60 million CG flashes from 14 boreal summer months (1991-95) reveals distinct geographic differences in the distribution of positive and negative polarity LPCCGs, arbitrarily defined as flashes with peak currents >or=75 kA. Large peak current positive CGs (LPC+CGs) are concentrated in the High Plains and upper Midwest, the region in which a large majority of optical sprite and elves observations have been obtained. By contrast, large peak current negative CGs (LPC-CGs) preferentially occur over the coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the southeastern United States. A total of 1.46 million LPCCGs were found, of which only 13.7% were +CGs. Almost 70% of the LPC+CGs, however, occurred in the central United Stares (30 degrees -50 degrees N, 88 degrees -110 degrees W). The percentage of all LPCCGs that were positive approached 30% in the central United States compared to 4.5% for the remainder of the country. Over a half million negative CGs and over 1000 positive CGs were found with multiplicity }, keywords={ lightning mesosphere stratosphere large peak current cloud-to-ground lightning flashes boreal summer months contiguous United States positive polarity sprites elves stratosphere mesosphere US National Lightning Detection Network AD 1991 to 1995 geographic distribution peak currents High Plains Midwest Gulf of Mexico multiplicity USA }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{HidayatJun98, author={Hidayat, S. and Ishii, M.}, title={ Spatial and temporal distribution of lightning activity around Java }, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research}, volume={103}, number={D12}, year={1998}, month={Jun}, pages={14001-9}, abstract={ Cloud-to-ground lightning flashes on and around Java, Indonesia, in the tropical maritime continent region, were observed continuously by a magnetic direction-finder network for lightning location from December 1994 to January 1996. The annual ground flash density, estimated by correcting the raw data by using the detection efficiency of the network, ranged from less than 2 to about 16 flashes/y/km/sup 2/ on the island. The average annual ground flash density over the entire island was 3.2 flashes/y/km/sup 2/, as opposed to 0.24 flashes/y/km/sup 2/ on the Indian Ocean about 100 km south of the island. The majority of the flashes on the land occurred during November to April in the rainy season. In the dry season, lightning was active only in the western part of the island. The amount of monthly precipitation over the island was related to the monthly number of ground flashes, but the ratio of the precipitation to the ground flash density differed from season to season. The ratio observed in the rainy season is equal to that for the break period in the rainy season observed at Darwin, Australia, in the same maritime continent region. The annual ratio for the entire island is determined. The diurnal variation of the lightning activity averaged over the island in the wet season showed a single peak in the afternoon with a peak time of about 1530 LT, similar to reports for land stations in the tropics. The diurnal variation over the ocean had a peak in the early morning, showing the same characteristic observed in the W Pacific. The diurnal variation of the lightning activity on the sea of offshore regions around Java showed an almost out-of-phase pattern to the variation on the land, indicating the influence of the land-sea effect }, keywords={ atmospheric precipitation lightning meteorology oceanographic regions spatial distribution temporal distribution lightning activity Java cloud-to-ground lightning flashes Indonesia tropical maritime continent region magnetic direction-finder network data annual ground flash density average annual ground flash density Indian Ocean rainy season dry season monthly precipitation ground flashes ground flash density diurnal variation early morning W Pacific offshore regions land-sea effect tropics afternoon AD 1994 12 to 1996 01 }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{RussellJul98, author={Russell, C.T. and Zuelsdorf, R.S. and Strangeway, R.J. and Franz, R.}, title={ Identification of the cloud pulse responsible for a trans-ionospheric pulse pair }, journal={Geophysical Research Letters}, volume={25}, number={14}, year={1998}, month={Jul}, pages={2645-8}, abstract={ The Blackbeard VHF radio receiver on the Alexis satellite detects pairs of broadband chirps, each lasting about four microseconds. These chirps are separated by several tens of microseconds and extend in frequency to over 166 MHz. The characteristics of these signals suggest that they are caused by electrical discharges in the Earth's atmosphere, but there is some debate as to whether the discharges occur in the middle atmosphere or within tropospheric clouds. Previously, by comparing the time of the occurrence of these Trans-Ionsopheric Pulse Pairs (TIPPs) with the occurrence of electric pulses recorded by the National Lightning Detection Network, the authors have found that they are associated with events classified as positive cloud pulses. The authors examine one TIPP event that is associated with a near simultaneous (0.75 ms) detection at two stations of the ground network allowing them to determine that the causative event occurred over southeastern Kansas. Knowing the longitude and latitude of the pulse, they show that the interchirp separation time is consistent with the generation of the first chirp of the pair at 8 km altitude followed by the ground reflection of that signal to produce the second chirp of the TIPP }, keywords={ atmospherics clouds lightning thunderstorms atmosphere troposphere United States USA lightning cloud atmospherics cloud pulse trans-ionospheric pulse pair broadband chirps, broadband chirp electrical discharge TIPP electric pulse positive cloud pulse causative event Kansas interchirp separation ground reflection radiowave emission VHF 28 to 166 MHz }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{IdoneApr98, author={Idone, V.P. and Davis, D.A. and Moore, P.K. and Yan Wang and Henderson, R.W. and Ries, M. and Jamason, P.F.}, title={ Performance evaluation of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network in eastern New York. 2. Location accuracy }, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research}, volume={103}, number={D8}, year={1998}, month={Apr}, pages={9057-69}, abstract={ For pt.I see ibid., vol.103, no.D8, p.9057-69 (1998). The authors have evaluated the location accuracy of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) via comparison of individual NLDN stroke locations with their corresponding stroke terminations as determined from multiple-site video recordings of local cloud-to-ground lightning flashes. The video records used in this analysis were acquired in the vicinity of Albany, New York, during the summers of 1994 and 1995, seasons corresponding to the initial and final phases of the upgrade of the NLDN to the improved accuracy from combined technology (IMPACT) configuration. For 1994 a total of 751 strokes were located in common between the video and NLDN data sets, yielding median and mean values of the NLDN-video location separation of 2.21 km and 3.74 km, respectively. Constraint of the 1994 data to the best video locations (those with a semimajor axis value of the 50% error ellipse less than 500 m) yielded a subset of 53 strokes with median and mean values of the NLDN-video location separation of 2.61 km and 4.74 km, respectively. For 1995 a total of 219 strokes were located in common, yielding median and mean values of the NLDN-video location separation of 442 m and 865 m, respectively. Constraint of the 1995 data to that year's best video locations (those with a semimajor axis value of the 50% error ellipse less than 200 m) yielded a subset of 79 common strokes with median and mean values of the NLDN-video location separation of 435 m and 625 m, respectively. The IMPACT upgrade of the NLDN apparently has resulted in about a fivefold increase in location accuracy. A special subset of 11 strokes occurred in 1995; these were located by the NLDN and observed to terminate on local structures of accurately known location. For these 11 strokes, the median and mean values of the NLDN location error are 518 m and 484 m, respectively, a result quite consistent with the overall NLDN-video location comparison and the claim }, keywords={ atmospheric measuring apparatus atmospheric techniques lightning meteorological instruments atmosphere meteorology measurement technique instrument United States USA performance evaluation National Lightning Detection Network New York location accuracy NLDN lightning stroke termination Albany AD 1994 AD 1995 }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{IdoneApr98, author={Idone, V.P. and Davis, D.A. and Moore, P.K. and Yan Wang and Henderson, R.W. and Ries, M. and Jamason, P.F.}, title={ Performance evaluation of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network in Eastern New York. 1. Detection efficiency }, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research}, volume={103}, number={D8}, year={1998}, month={Apr}, pages={9045-55}, abstract={ The detection efficiency (DE) of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) has been evaluated using a large data set of video observations of cloud-to-ground lightning activity in the vicinity of Albany, New York. These data were acquired during the summers of 1993, 1994, and 1995, the latter being the year of completion of a major upgrade of the network to the improved accuracy from combined technology (IMPACT) configuration. For 1993, the authors find a flash DE value of 67% based upon 517 cloud-to-ground flashes documented on video. The latter two years yielded both flash and stroke DEs: in 1994, 86% of 893 flashes and 67% of 2162 strokes were detected; in 1995, 72% of 433 flashes and 47% of 1242 strokes were detected. The higher DEs of 1994 relative to 1995 are likely due to additional sensors deployed locally during the initial stage of the IMPACT upgrade. Detection efficiencies were found to vary significantly from storm to storm in each season, likely due to the inherent variability of return stroke characteristics between storms. For a special subset of 92 strokes of known location and measured electric-field change, peak current estimates were generated using the transmission-line model and a return stroke speed of 1.2*10/sup 8/ m/s. This speed was selected, as it is the effective speed used in present NLDN peak current estimates. For this 92-stroke data subset, the stroke DE depended upon peak current: strokes with peak currents greater than 14 kA were almost always detected (39 of 40), below 14 kA, the DE dropped until by 6-10 kA, the stroke DE was only 18% (three of 17). None of 14 strokes with estimated peak currents below 6 kA was detected. If the IMPACT design constraint of an effective 5-kA minimum peak current is applied to the authors' 92-stroke subset, the respective flash and stroke DEs are 84% and 69%; this is consistent with NLDN model predicted performance in this area }, keywords={ atmospheric measuring apparatus atmospheric techniques lightning meteorological instruments atmosphere meteorology lightning United States USA measurement technique instrument apparatus New York performance evaluation National Lightning Detection Network detection efficiency NLDN Albany AD 1993 AD 1994 AD 1995 upgrade improved accuracy from combined technology IMPACT peak current return stroke }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{CumminsApr98, author={Cummins, K.L. and Murphy, M.J. and Bardo, E.A. and Hiscox, W.L. and Pyle, R.P. and Pifer, A.E.}, title={ A combined TOA/MDF technology upgrade of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network }, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research}, volume={103}, number={D8}, year={1998}, month={Apr}, pages={9035-44}, abstract={ The U.S. National Lightning Detection Network/sup TM/ (NLDN) has provided lightning data covering the continental United States since 1989. Using information gathered from more than 100 sensors, the NLDN provides both real-time and historical lightning data to the electric utility industry, the National Weather Service, and other government and commercial users. It is also the primary source of lightning data for use in research and climatological studies in the United States. In this paper the authors discuss the design, implementation, and data from the time-of-arrival/magnetic direction finder (TOA/MDF) network following a recent system-wide upgrade. The location accuracy (the maximum dimension of a confidence region around the stroke location) has been improved by a factor of 4 to 8 since 1991, resulting in a median accuracy of 500 m. The expected flash detection efficiency ranges from 80% to 90% for those events with peak currents above 5 kA, varying slightly by region. Subsequent strokes and strokes with peak currents less than 5 kA can now be detected and located; however, the detection efficiency for these events is not quantified in this study because their peak current distribution is not well known }, keywords={ atmospheric measuring apparatus lightning meteorological instruments atmosphere meteorology measurement technique instrument apparatus TOA MDF technology upgrade National Lightning Detection Network USA United States NLDN lightning design time-of-arrival magnetic direction finder stroke location flash detection efficiency detection efficiency peak current distribution }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{MarshallMay98, author={Marshall, M.W. and Angeli, B.P.}, title={ Establishing a lightning protection evaluation program for distribution and subtransmission lines }, journal={IEEE Industry Applications Magazine}, volume={4}, number={3}, year={1998}, month={May}, pages={18-24}, abstract={ Union Electric (UE) began a project in December 1994 to evaluate the performance of existing types of lightning protection, identify deficiencies, and recommend changes that will result in improved performance. UE employs two basic types of lightning protection-static wire and arresters. The authors discuss ground impedance, the National Lightning Detection Network, and the Lightning Protection Design Workstation (LPDW). The LPDW is a Windows based software package developed by EPRI to assist in designing an optimum protection scheme. The first step in the evaluation process is to identify lines that have historically performed poorly under lightning conditions. The next step is to conduct pole-by-pole field inspections of the feeders to identify what factors were contributing to the poor performance of each line. Once it is determined that a feeder is in need of improvements and the deficiencies are identified, the LPDW is used to compare alternatives. Two case studies are discussed }, keywords={ arresters distribution networks electric impedance lightning protection power overhead lines power system analysis computing power system protection soil transmission networks lightning protection evaluation program subtransmission lines distribution lines Union Electric static wire arresters ground impedance National Lightning Detection Network Lightning Protection Design Workstation Windows based software package EPRI pole-by-pole field inspections feeders inspection soil conditions }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{ZuelsdorfFeb98, author={Zuelsdorf, R.S. and Casler, C. and Strangeway, R.J. and Russell, C.T. and Franz, R.}, title={ Ground detection of trans-ionospheric pulse pairs by stations in the National Lightning Detection Network }, journal={Geophysical Research Letters}, volume={25}, number={4}, year={1998}, month={Feb}, pages={481-4}, abstract={ Trans-ionospheric pulse pairs (TIPPs), as detected by the Blackbeard instrument on board the ALEXIS satellite, correlate with signals that the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) classifies as "cloud" lightning with a positive signal polarity (+IC). Correlation is only found for +IC pulses occurring in the 10 ms interval prior to TIPP occurrence. Apart from this single peak, there is no general change in lightning rates around TIPP time. Correlation between TIPPs and +IC strokes is statistically significant with 99.94% confidence. The amplitudes of +IC pulses that are associated with TIPPs are indistinguishable from the amplitudes of pulses that are not. The rise time of +IC pulses correlating with TIPPs, however, does appear to be longer than the noncorrelating +IC pulses, the median value being about 3 times greater than all other +IC pulses. By assuming TIPPs to be generated close to the detecting ground station, the pulse separation time can be used to calculate the source heights for the ground reflection model. The calculated height of TIPPs is consistent with a cloud source }, keywords={ atmospherics ionospheric electromagnetic wave propagation lightning trans-ionospheric pulse pairs ground detection National Lightning Detection Network stations TIPPs Blackbeard instrument ALEXIS satellite NLDN cloud lightning positive signal polarity lightning rates pulse rise time pulse separation time source heights ground reflection model cloud source VHF 28 to 95 MHz 108 to 166 MHz }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{HolleJul97, author={Holle, R.L. and Bennett, S.P.}, title={ Lightning ground flashes associated with summer 1990 flash floods and streamflow in Tucson, Arizona: an exploratory study }, journal={Monthly Weather Review}, volume={125}, number={7}, year={1997}, month={Jul}, pages={1526-36}, abstract={ Eight flash flood events occurred in the Tucson area of southeastern Arizona during the 1990 summer when a high-resolution lightning detection network was operated in the region. A total of 3479 cloud-to-ground lightning flashes was composited with respect to times and locations of these flash floods. The analysis region was a square of 40 km on a side that nearly coincided with a small hydrologic region that drains runoff from high mountains around Tucson and results in streamflow near and through the city. The most important factor in determining whether a flash flood report followed lightning was the number of consecutive 5-min periods with two or more flashes in the 40-km-square area. Intensity of the maximum flash rate was not systematically related to the amount of flooding, except that the 2 days with highest lightning frequencies were associated with the most widespread flood effects of the summer in the Tucson area. No precursor was found in positive flashes. While lightning data identified many of the flash flood events and avoided most false detections, the sample size was very small and there were no other cases for an independent test. Streamflow increased abruptly after the occurrence of lightning for two flood periods on 19-20 July and another flood on 24 July. About 2 h after the maximum flash rate, streamflow gauges at three locations in the hydrologic region measured rapid rises in runoff that were indicative of the arrival of flash floods }, keywords={ atmospheric precipitation hydrology lightning rivers thunderstorms lightning ground flashes summer 1990 flash floods streamflow Tucson Arizona southeastern Arizona cloud-to-ground lightning flashes runoff intensity lightning frequencies positive flashes United States AD 1990 07 }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @CONFERENCE{Bo96, author={Bo, Z.Q. and Aggarwal, R.K. and Jayasinge, J.A.S.B. and Johns, A.T. and Moore, P.J.}, title={ A novel communication scheme for monitoring of power transmission system utilising global positioning system }, booktitle={ICEE '96. Proceedings of the International Conference on ElectricalEngineering}, volume={}, number={}, year={1996}, month={}, pages={1237-41 vol.2}, abstract={ This paper presents a new scheme for the monitoring and protection of power transmission networks based on the a fault detection method utilising a GPS clock. A specially designed transient detection device, containing a transmitter and receiver unit, is connected to the power line through the high-voltage coupling capacitor of the CVT. The device, installed at or near each busbar in a transmission network, is able to capture the high-frequency transient signals generated by various events such as faults and lightning strokes on the line, and issues and receives coded digital signals. The GPS-based clock is used to synchronise the measurements of these faults at various locations on the transmission system. The accuracy of the fault location is related to the precision of the GPS clock, theoretically 1 mu s corresponding to an accuracy of 150 meters }, keywords={ fault location Global Positioning System lightning monitoring power system measurement power system transients synchronisation transmission networks power transmission system transmission network monitoring transmission network protection fault detection method GPS clock transient detection device high-voltage coupling capacitor high-frequency transient signals lightning strokes measurement synchronisation fault location 1 mus 150 m }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{LucasSep96, author={Lucas, C. and Orville, R.E.}, title={ TOGA COARE: oceanic lightning }, journal={Monthly Weather Review}, volume={124}, number={9}, year={1996}, month={Sep}, pages={2077-82}, abstract={ A lightning detection network composed of three direction finders was installed in the western Pacific during TOGA COARE. The results are reported from one direction finder, at Kavieng, Papua New Guinea, for the months of January and February 1993, the latter half of the TOGA COARE 4-month period. Land and ocean sectors were defined. The land-ocean cloud-to-ground lightning ratio for 57 days of data is 8.7. The time between the two highest flash count days is 30-40 days, suggestive of the 30-60-day wave previously identified by Madden and Julian (1972). The highest lightning activity occurs around local midnight for both land and ocean sectors. The peak in activity of cloud-to-ground lightning over the ocean leads the peak in cold cloud area by 3-4 h. A small peak in lightning activity over the land sector occurs around 1500 LST, indicating the influence of the diurnal cycle of heating on convective activity around large tropical islands }, keywords={ lightning oceanographic regions TOGA COARE oceanic lightning western Pacific Ocean lightning detection network direction finders Kavieng Papua New Guinea AD 1993 01 to 02 land-ocean cloud-to-ground lightning ratio highest flash count days Madden Julian wave lightning activity peak cold cloud area diurnal heating cycle convective activity large tropical islands }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{WarberSep97, author={Warber, C.R. and Prasad, B.}, title={ Forecasting global lightning for atmospheric noise prediction }, journal={Radio Sci. (USA), Radio Science}, volume={32}, number={5}, year={1997}, month={Sep}, pages={2027-36}, abstract={ In this paper we discuss an investigation into the feasibility of using current and forecasted weather data to forecast lightning occurrence. These lightning occurrence forecasts are intended to be used to improve the accuracy of near-term long wave communication systems coverage predictions. Various weather information sources were reviewed to determine which data and parameters could be used to predict lightning and which techniques were best suited for selected forecast periods. Review of atmospheric and lightning physics resulted in several methods for establishing relationships between weather data parameters and lightning flash rates for selected forecasting periods. We review these methods and show results of tests which were conducted to compare the forecasted lightning occurrence with measured data. These tests were limited to the continental United States where empirical data on lightning occurrence from the National Lightning Detection Network are available. The results of the techniques developed for several example days are shown, as is the impact that using the techniques might have on the coverage prediction for an example long wave transmitter }, keywords={ atmospherics lightning radiofrequency interference weather forecasting global lightning atmospheric noise prediction forecasted weather data occurrence forecasts near-term long wave communication systems coverage predictions flash rates continental United States National Lightning Detection Network long wave transmitter }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{LopezJun97, author={Lopez, R.E. and Holle, R.L. and Watson, A.I. and Skindlov, J.}, title={ Spatial and temporal distributions of lightning over Arizona from a power utility perspective }, journal={Journal of Applied Meteorology}, volume={36}, number={6}, year={1997}, month={Jun}, pages={825-31}, abstract={ This study was designed to determine whether a spatially significant and temporally persistent variation in cloud-to-ground lightning frequency exists across the Salt River Project (SRP) region of central Arizona. Cloud-to-ground lightning data for 8 years from the Bureau of Land Management detection network were compiled to develop maps of lightning strike density across Arizona and the SRP region. In space, lightning frequency varied significantly across both of these topographically diverse regions. There was nearly five times more lightning over the high-altitude eastern border of the SRP region than over the lower western desert portion. The spatial pattern was consistent through time, so that more substantial lightning protection is warranted over the eastern SRP region than over the west. However, lightning frequency is highly variable from month to month and year to year on both the state and SRP scales, so that the value of newly installed lightning protection cannot be judged on experiences from a few years }, keywords={ lightning lightning protection temporal distributions Arizona spatial distributions cloud-to-ground lightning frequency Salt River Project lightning strike density lightning frequency high-altitude eastern border low western desert region lightning protection United States }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{SternDec94, author={Stern, A.D. and Brady, R.H., III and Moore, P.D. and Carter, G.M.}, title={ Identification of aviation weather hazards based on the integration of radar and lightning data }, journal={Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society}, volume={75}, number={12}, year={1994}, month={Dec}, pages={2269-80}, abstract={ The National Weather Service Eastern Region is carrying out a national risk-reduction exercise at the Baltimore-Washington Forecast Office in Sterling, Virginia. The primary objective of this project is to integrate information from remote sensor technologies to produce comprehensive state-of-the-atmosphere reports that promote aviation safety. Techniques have been developed and tested to identify aviation-oriented hazardous weather based on data from conventional radars, a national lightning detection network, and collateral observations from new Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) sites that are being deployed throughout the nation. From July through September 1993, an experimental observational product to identify convective activity within 30 n mi of six airports from southern Virginia to Delaware was transmitted three times each hour to personnel at Weather Service Offices and Center Weather Service Units and to the meteorologists and flight dispatchers of five major air carriers. This user-oriented evaluation and the associated statistical analysis has provided important feedback to assess the utility of the product as a supplement to ASOS. Integration of information from several products generated by the new Doppler radar at Sterling with lightning network data is being pursued for the second phase of the project. The National Weather Service will determine the viability of this approach to generate products to routinely supplement the information provided by ASOS on either a national or a local basis }, keywords={ aircraft atmospheric techniques ground support systems lightning meteorological radar radar applications remote sensing by radar storms weather forecasting aircraft safety meteorological radar weather forecasting radar remote sensing measurement technique atmosphere aviation weather hazard Automated Surface Observing System ASOS USA United States National Weather Service Baltimore-Washington Forecast Office Sterling Virginia state-of-the-atmosphere report hazardous weather lightning detection network }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @CONFERENCE{Theil96, author={Theil, G. and Theil, M.}, title={ Evaluation of adverse weather reliability indices for high voltage network components based on data of the Austrian Lightning Detection System }, booktitle={PSCC. Proceedings of the Twelfth Power Systems Computation Conference}, volume={}, number={}, year={1996}, month={}, pages={581-7 vol.1}, abstract={ For the evaluation of adverse weather reliability indices of network components the exposure time to adverse weather is to be known for individual components. This information is extracted from the data generated by the Austrian Lightning Detection System (ALDIS). Based on it, normal and adverse weather reliability indices for the Austrian high voltage network components are computed and a comparison of the reliability indices computed for the simplified structure of a real network with and without adverse weather outage models is presented }, keywords={ lightning protection power system protection power system reliability adverse weather reliability indices high voltage network components Austrian Lightning Detection System adverse weather exposure time adverse weather outage models }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{HolleMar97, author={Holle, R.L. and Lopez, R.E. and Howard, K.W. and Cummins, K.L. and Malone, M.D. and Krider, E.P.}, title={ An isolated winter cloud-to-ground lightning flash causing damage and injury in Connecticut }, journal={Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society}, volume={78}, number={3}, year={1997}, month={Mar}, pages={437-41}, abstract={ An isolated lightning flash at 1436:52 UTC 11 February 1996 struck and destroyed a house in Burlington, Connecticut, injuring an occupant of the house. A flash detected simultaneously by the National Lightning Detection Network was within 1.1 km of the house. The flash was separated from any other flash by several hours and hundreds of kilometers and occurred during winter. Positive charge was lowered to ground by the flash, as has been found in previous studies of winter storms. Its estimated peak current of +76 kA was stronger than most positive flashes and nearly all negative cloud-to-ground flashes for the entire year in the same area. The incident is compared with other previously documented lightning casualty and damage statistics during wintertime for Connecticut and other regions of the United States. The importance of the flash is described in relation to the resulting material damage and personal injury, the handling of insurance claims, the use of flash data in forecasting and warning applications, and personal safety }, keywords={ lightning storms atmosphere winter storm cloud-to-ground lightning flash isolated lightning flash United States USA Connecticut damage injury AD 1996 02 11 house destruction Burlington electric current positive charge peak current casualty personal injury insurance claim stray flash occurrence season }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{BonelliFeb97, author={Bonelli, P. and Cavallin, G. and Colais, G. and Moreschini, G.}, title={ Integrated acquisition and application of meteorological data in power system operation and control }, journal={Electric Power Systems Research}, volume={40}, number={2}, year={1997}, month={Feb}, pages={115-19}, abstract={ This paper presents a new system for the acquisition and use of meteorological data in power system operation and control functions (called SIMES) now available at the ENEL National Control Center. This new system provides online acquisition of various meteorological data sources (earth stations, satellite and lightning monitoring system) and relevant results of meteorological forecasting models, and makes available to power system control operators some functions such as visualization of meteorological data, forecasts of temperatures and rainfalls, detection of adverse weather conditions for network components such as HV lines. Data acquisition and processing functions as well as hardware/software structure and integration with the SCADA/EMS system are described. Application to power system operation and control functions are presented }, keywords={ data acquisition data visualisation meteorology power system control power system operation meteorological data acquisition ENEL meteorological forecasting models power system control operators meteorological data visualisation hardware/software structure SCADA/EMS system applications }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @CONFERENCE{Malone95, author={Malone, M.D. and Tuel, J.V. and Hagberg, D.J., Jr.}, title={ Improving power quality with lightning notification: "customer defined alert" }, booktitle={Official Proceedings of the Eighth International Power Quality Solutions'95. Presented at Powersystems World '95 Conference and Exhibit}, volume={}, number={}, year={1995}, month={}, pages={235-45}, abstract={ With the advent of state-of-the-art systems introduced into the mainstream of the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN), Global Atmospherics, Inc. can now provide a means to improve overall facility power quality utilizing real-time lightning alert and notification strategies. Remotely sensed lightning strike data are collected at the NLDN Control Center in Tucson, Arizona and are queried for spatial proximity to an end-user defined "Area of Exposure" (AOE). The local utility power delivery assets that supply energy to the commercial and industrial end-users can be included as an integral part of the AOE so as not to exclude any elements that can contribute to a lightning-induced transient or interruption at their facility. The AOE geometry can be sophisticated, allowing unique customization to the facility's individual utility layout. NLDN real-time systems monitor the commercial and industrial facility's defined AOE for threatening lightning ground strike activity. Upon detecting lightning strikes within the defined AOE region, an immediate notification to the end-user is provided via a digital pager or other means. With advanced notification of the potential for power interruptions or facility damage now available, the facility manager can pro-actively initiate precautionary measures such as data back-up, warm standby of back-up generators, temporarily delay or suspend batch processes, or completely eliminate risks by decoupling from the utility and transferring to an alternate power source }, keywords={ lightning lightning protection power supply quality power system protection weather forecasting lightning notification customer defined alert power quality improvement National Lightning Detection Network Global Atmospherics real-time lightning alert remotely sensed lightning strike data Tucson Arizona lightning-induced transient lightning ground strike activity Area of Exposure digital pager power interruptions facility damage data back-up warm standby back-up generators }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{BernsteinApr96, author={Bernstein, R. and Samm, R. and Cummins, K. and Pyle, R. and Tuel, J.}, title={ Lightning detection network averts damage and speeds restoration }, journal={IEEE Computer Applications in Power}, volume={9}, number={2}, year={1996}, month={Apr}, pages={12-17}, abstract={ Based on an extensive survey of US electric utilities, lightning is the single largest cause of outages on distribution and transmission systems in lightning-prone areas. Here, the authors describe how, with the aid of a network of electromagnetic sensors, computer systems, and satellite communications, the National Lightning Detection Network can now help electric utilities prepare for storms. Tools to track thunderstorms for advance warning thus enable utilities to reduce damage and shorten repair time }, keywords={ atmospheric measuring apparatus distribution networks electricity supply industry lightning lightning protection power system protection power system restoration thunderstorms transmission networks electric utilities distribution systems transmission systems lightning outages electromagnetic sensors computer systems satellite communications National Lightning Detection Network thunderstorms USA }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{BiazarNov95, author={Biazar, A.P. and McNider, R.T.}, title={ Regional estimates of lightning production of nitrogen oxides }, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research}, volume={100}, number={D11}, year={1995}, month={Nov}, pages={22861-74}, abstract={ Summertime distribution of lightning over the United States and the potential importance of lightning-generated NO/sub x/ (NO+NO/sub 2/) was investigated by using data from the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) for June, July, and August 1989 through 1992. The data were compiled and gridded to yield hourly and monthly flash densities. Without correcting the data for the networks detection efficiency, on the average, 10 million flashes occur over the United States each summer with 2.6 strokes occurring per flash. The densest concentration of flashes is over the Southeast. In 1989 the summertime lightning activity (9.4 million flashes) accounted for 70% of the annual flashes. To investigate the regional characteristics of lightning, the data were also compiled for the eastern United States and a smaller subdomain of the southeastern United States. NO/sub x/ production rates of 0.36*10/sup 26/, 4*10/sup 26/, and 30*10/sup 26/ molecules/flash were chosen to represent the low, median, and high end of estimates suggested by different investigators. Using these three production rates and hourly gridded flash densities, lightning-generated NO/sub x/ emissions were calculated. These estimates were compared to anthropogenic emissions derived from the 1985 National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) inventory. Based on the high production rate, NO/sub x/ emissions produced by lightning are comparable to monthly anthropogenic NO/sub x/ emissions in the Southeast during the summer. Even for the low production rate, hourly emissions of lightning produced NO/sub x/ frequently exceed anthropogenic emissions, with the highest frequencies in the Southeast. These results suggest that estimates of lightning-generated NO/sub x/ in the rural southeastern United States are not negligible and that this natural source of NO/sub x/ could play a significant role in summertime tropospheric ozone production in the Southeast. Given the importance of NO/sub x/ in ozone photoc }, keywords={ atmospheric chemistry atmospheric composition lightning nitrogen compounds troposphere atmosphere troposphere chemical composition concentration production United States USA regional estimate lightning summer NO/sub x/ AD 1989 AD 1990 AD 1991 AD 1992 monthly flash density natural source season NO NO/sub 2/ }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @CONFERENCE{Katz95, author={Katz, E. and Segev, A.}, title={ The Lightning Position and Tracking System (LPATS) in Israel: first results }, booktitle={Eighteenth Convention of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in Israel(Cat. No.95TH8044)}, volume={}, number={}, year={1995}, month={}, pages={3.1.5/1-5}, abstract={ The Lightning Position and Tracking System (LPATS) installed in Israel is the first large-area lightning detection system in the Middle East. LAPTS uses a time-of-arrival technique for locating cloud-to-ground lightning strokes. The precise time that lightning touches the ground is monitored to microsecond accuracy at several receives sites simultaneously. This allows one to determine the accurate stroke location. The LPATS network consists of four major components: antennas, receivers, central analyzer and graphic map display terminals. The paper includes first lightning data received by the system handling for the last thunderstorm period }, keywords={ atmospheric measuring apparatus lightning position measurement tracking Lightning Position and Tracking System LPATS Israel large-area lightning detection system Middle East time-of-arrival technique cloud-to-ground lightning strokes antennas receivers central analyzer graphic map display terminals thunderstorm }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @CONFERENCE{Wells93, author={Wells, M.L. and McKinsey, D.E.}, title={ The spatial and temporal distribution of lightning strikes in San Diego County, California }, booktitle={GIS/LIS Proceedings}, volume={}, number={}, year={1993}, month={}, pages={768-77 vol.2}, abstract={ The vegetation of southern California is adapted to the occurrence of fire. Recent research suggests that plant species and groups of species with similar life history strategies are adapted to particular characteristics of fire occurrence. These characteristics are the frequency, timing and intensity at which fires occur (P.H. Zedler et al., 1983). Collectively these characteristics are called fire regimes. Either through neglect or intent, man determines the nature of wildland fire regimes and so influences the composition and distribution of vegetation in southern California. In order to assess the impact of human activities it is necessary to estimate what the characteristics of purely natural fire regimes would be. An important aspect of this task is to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of natural events capable of causing wildfires. In southern California lightning is the only natural source of wildfire ignition currently included in fire suppression records. The advent of the Automated Lightning Detection System (ALDS) in 1985 by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has given researchers a source of information to evaluate the distribution of lightning strikes. The ALDS system uses a network of radar lightning detectors to triangulate the location of lightning strikes (S.C. German, 1990). The study is divided into temporal and spatial analysis of lightning activity. The temporal aspect was conducted using an EXCEL spreadsheet program and SPSS statistical analysis package. The spatial analysis was conducted using ARC/INFO Geographic Information System software }, keywords={ fires geographic information systems lightning meteorological radar spreadsheet programs statistical analysis temporal distribution lightning strikes San Diego County California life history strategies fire occurrence southern California wildland fire regimes human activities natural fire regimes wildfire ignition Automated Lightning Detection System ALDS system radar lightning detectors spatial analysis EXCEL spreadsheet program SPSS statistical analysis ARC/INFO Geographic Information System software GIS }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{Sang-Bong-WeeJun95, author={Sang-Bong Wee}, title={ A study for the analysis of the occurrence status phenomena of lightning stroke to earth in Korea }, journal={Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers}, volume={44}, number={6}, year={1995}, month={Jun}, pages={812-18}, abstract={ The majority of the faults in the domestic power system and communication network and electronic equipment are directly or indirectly related with lightning phenomena, the study for the reduction of lightning damage might be important issues in view of reliability and safety. Statistics of lightning flash parameter is a basic data in developing lightning protection technology. In this paper, we studied the annual lightning flash parameter in Korea by operation of the KLDN (Korean lightning detection network) system for the first time. This new lightning detection system showed that the data are more useful, more accurate, more diverse than the IKL DATA of the past in Korea. We describe the lightning flash density, polarity, position error and related topics with the lightning location system. Finally, we propose future research planning that should be continued in Korea }, keywords={ lightning lightning protection power system protection Korea Korean lightning detection network power system faults communication network faults lightning stroke lightning damage reduction annual lightning flash parameter lightning protection lightning flash density lightning flash polarity lightning position error electronic equipment faults }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{WincklerJul95, author={Winckler, J.R.}, title={ Further observations of cloud-ionosphere electrical discharges above thunderstorms }, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research}, volume={100}, number={D7}, year={1995}, month={Jul}, pages={14335-45}, abstract={ During the night of 9-10 August 1993 more than 150 luminous cloud-ionosphere discharges (CIs) were observed above a thunderstorm complex moving SE across the state of Iowa. Images of the CIs were obtained through clear air by intensified CCD TV cameras at the O'Brien Observatory of the University of Minnesota located about 60 km NE of Minneapolis and 250-500 km from the storm center. The discharges consisted of bright vertical striations extending from 50-80 km altitude, often covering tens of kilometers laterally, with tendrils of decreasing intensity visible for the brighter events down to cloud tops below 20 km altitude. All the more intense CIs were coincident with a VLF sferic in the 300 Hz-12 kHz range, but small events often did not yield a detectable sferic. There is no unambiguous evidence that CIs were sources of sferics. Some of the CIs were observed to be coincident with a cloud brightening and with a cloud-ground stroke recorded by the National Lightning Detection Network. The duration of the images was generally less than one TV field (<16.7 ms). Many of these discharges have now been observed by the space shuttle, by aircraft-borne TV cameras and a large number by a ground-based camera observations in Colorado. The present results are compared with these observations and recent theoretical ideas related to the CI events are discussed. It is proposed that CIs arise from intense bursts of cloud electrification and may follow the preexisting paths of cloud-to-ionosphere thunderstorm currents }, keywords={ airglow atmospheric electricity lightning mesosphere stratosphere thunderstorms sprite mesosphere electric discharge middle atmosphere cloud-ionosphere electrical discharge thunderstorm thundercloud luminous discharge Iowa optical emission AD 1993 08 09 AD 1993 08 10 bright vertical striation tendrils VLF sferic United States USA atmospherics stratosphere lightning intense burst cloud electrification cloud-to-ionosphere thunderstorm current 20 to 80 km }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @CONFERENCE{Byerley94, author={Byerley, L.G., III and Olsen, S.L.}, title={ Lightning protection-by-isolation of microwave repeater stations: design, implementation, and evaluation }, booktitle={Power Quality '94 USA. Official Proceedings of the Seventh InternationalPower Quality Telecomputer Infrastucture Conference (TelecomputerInfrastructure)}, volume={}, number={}, year={1994}, month={}, pages={101-10}, abstract={ Remote telecommunications facilities are sometimes subject to extraordinary disruption and damage from lightning-caused transients and commercial power interruptions. The El Paso Natural Gas Company, in an attempt to eliminate indirect damage from lightning and power disruption caused by lightning at remote microwave repeater stations, has designed and installed several complete, protection-by-isolation schemes. These protection packages are comprised of special switchgear that is controlled by a short-range, omnidirectional lightning sensor for the purpose of isolating the station from commercial power for the duration of a local thunderstorm. Three unmanned repeater stations with lightning sensors and isolation switchgear were used as test sites in the Southwestern United States during the Summer of 1993. To help evaluate the performance of the protection schemes, data from each of the stand-alone lightning sensors was time-stamped and logged on personal computers. The lightning data sets from each site were compared with lightning location data from the National Lightning Detection Network. The starting and ending times of isolation from commercial power were logged on the El Paso Natural Gas SCADA system. Preliminary results for one season suggest reduced lightning transient damage and minimal unwanted side effects (such as excessive discharge of batteries). The motivation for this project and a description of the protection scheme and switchgear are presented }, keywords={ electric sensing devices lightning protection microwave links repeaters switchgear lightning protection-by-isolation microwave repeater stations remote telecommunications facilities lightning-caused transients commercial power interruptions El Paso Natural Gas Company switchgear omnidirectional lightning sensor Southwestern United States time-stamped data personal computers data logging National Lightning Detection Network SCADA system reduced lightning transient damage minimal unwanted side effects }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @CONFERENCE{Diaz94, author={Diaz, H. and Loorya, J.}, title={ Large system power quality analysis at MCI }, booktitle={Power Quality '94 USA. Official Proceedings of the Seventh InternationalPower Quality Telecomputer Infrastructure Conference (Power Quality)}, volume={}, number={}, year={1994}, month={}, pages={31-6}, abstract={ MCI, the telecommunications company, bills 16.5 billion calls annually. To ensure the integrity of their switching centers, power, and back-up power systems supporting that business, the company developed the SARA (Surge Activity Risk Assessment) system. The system uses ESIDS (Electrical Storm Identification Device), NLDN (National Lightning Detection Network), and the BMI PQNode distributed power monitoring system }, keywords={ electronic switching systems power measurement power supply quality surge protection telecommunication power supplies power quality analysis MCI Telecommunications switching center integrity power systems back-up power systems SARA system Surge Activity Risk Assessment system ESIDS Electrical Storm Identification Device NLDN National Lightning Detection Network BMI PQNode distributed power monitoring system }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{Chen-XiaobingJul94, author={Chen Xiaobing and Zhang Xiaofeng and Pan Rongyi and Yue Zizhong and Zhang Qiang}, title={ The application of a computerized real-time lightning-locating network and the preliminary study on lightning situation in Guangxi subtropical area }, journal={Power System Technology}, volume={18}, number={4}, year={1994}, month={Jul}, pages={41-6}, abstract={ A computerized real-time network for lightning detection and location in the Guanxi subtropical area are described. The applications of this network in power systems and in other areas are introduced. Using the analysis of 400,000 pieces of data collected by the network, detailed and more accurate lightning information on the Guanxi subtropical area is given }, keywords={ atmospheric measuring apparatus computerised instrumentation lightning power system measurement real-time systems computerized real-time network lightning detection lightning location power systems applications Guanxi subtropical area China }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{KingJul94, author={King, T.S. and Balling, R.C., Jr.}, title={ Diurnal variations in Arizona monsoon lightning data }, journal={Monthly Weather Review}, volume={122}, number={7}, year={1994}, month={Jul}, pages={1659-64}, abstract={ Lightning flash data for Arizona from the Bureau of Land Management's magnetic detection finder network are analyzed for the 1989 and 1990 summer monsoon seasons. Results from harmonic analysis reveal a strong diurnal cycle in the frequency of lightning flashes. In much of the state, the time of maximum occurs in the mid-to-late afternoon period. However, in the large valley of central Arizona, the time of maximum lightning frequency is closer to midnight. These results from the emerging lightning flash database should be useful in (a) further evaluating the role of various mechanisms responsible for the nocturnal convective regime of central Arizona, (b) verifying existing and future numerical models of precipitation processes in the region, and (c) preparing and evaluating forecasts of summertime convective events in Arizona }, keywords={ lightning atmosphere diurnal variation United States USA season AD 1989 AD 1990 Arizona monsoon lightning summer }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{NakamuraJan94, author={Nakamura, K. and Inukai, E. and Tahara, N. and Shimizu, H. and Kojima, Y. and Fukuda, J. and Ono, H.}, title={ Development of lightning detector using liquid crystal element (Part 1) }, journal={Fujikura Technical Review}, volume={}, number={}, year={1994}, month={Jan}, pages={60-4}, abstract={ Many overhead transmission lines pass over lightning intense areas, the maintenance for which requires more linesmen to cover the network of lines as increasing demands for high-reliability power supply are made. Many cases of failures due to lightning attacks to such lines have been reported; nevertheless, very few lightning locating systems are being employed for preventive maintenance because of their complexity, cost to install and power consumption. The authors have developed a very cost-effective and simple sensor which uses liquid crystal elements that securely detect the slow change in electric field which occurs with the approach of thunderclouds }, keywords={ atmospheric measuring apparatus electric field measurement electric sensing devices lightning lightning protection liquid crystal devices maintenance engineering power overhead lines power system protection overhead transmission lines lightning detection preventive maintenance liquid crystal sensor thunderclouds reliability power supply failures }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{MolinariAug94, author={Molinari, J. and Moore, P.K. and Idone, V.P. and Henderson, R.W. and Saljoughy, A.B.}, title={ Cloud-to-ground lightning in Hurricane Andrew }, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research}, volume={99}, number={D8}, year={1994}, month={Aug}, pages={16665-76}, abstract={ The spatial and temporal distribution of cloud-to-ground lightning was examined in Hurricane Andrew of 1992. Lightning locations available from the National Lightning Detection Network were superimposed on infrared satellite images to relate lightning activity to hurricane cloud structure. A distinct radial variation occurred in time-averaged flash density, with a weak maximum in the eye wall, a region of near-zero flash density 40 to 100 km from the center, and a steady increase to a large maximum in the outer rainbands 190 km from the center. This radial distribution is consistent with the convective structure of mature hurricanes. Eye wall lightning tended to be episodic, occurring almost exclusively prior to and during periods of intensification of the storm. During these periods, negative flashes occurred several kilometers inward from the highest eye wall cloud tops, in the region of the largest radar reflectivity. Positive eye wall flashes, while small in number, tended to occur directly under the highest cloud tops. The results are suggestive of a normal dipole in sign but outwardly tilted along the sloping eye wall. In general, hurricane flash characteristics resembled those for a background data set of nonhurricane flashes from the same area. The exception occurred for negative flashes in the eye wall, which had a much smaller mean peak current than the background (25.3 kA versus 44.9 kA) }, keywords={ lightning storms cloud-to-ground lightning Hurricane Andrew AD 1992 spatial distribution temporal distribution lightning locations hurricane cloud structure flash density eye wall rainbands convective structure mature hurricane storm intensification peak current }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{DurandJun94, author={Durand, F.}, title={ Lightning, broadcast centers and climbing devices }, journal={Revue Generale de l'Electricite}, volume={}, number={}, year={1994}, month={Jun}, pages={21-5}, abstract={ Lightning is responsible for a considerable amount of damage to equipment. A detection network may be used to take provisions to minimize the risks. In mountainous regions, thunderstorms are more unexpected and their motions are more difficult to predict. Moreover the places to be protected are often isolated. The author describes a set of apparatus for detection and protection under these difficult conditions }, keywords={ atmospheric measuring apparatus broadcasting lightning lightning protection power supplies to apparatus power system protection thunderstorms lightning detection network mountainous regions thunderstorms protection power systems power supplies broadcast centers }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{HonmaApr94, author={Honma, H. and Komuro, H. and Ishii, M. and Hojo, J.-I.}, title={ Improvements of a magnetic direction-finder network in the Tohoku District }, journal={Transactions of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Part B}, volume={114-B}, number={4}, year={1994}, month={Apr}, pages={419-24}, abstract={ Tohoku Electric Power company constructed an LLP-system that covered Tohoku district with 9 magnetic direction finders (DFs). This system is capable of locating lightning flashes with current exceeding 10 kA in good location accuracy, throughout the coverage area. The successful operation of this new system was achieved through the modification of waveform discrimination criteria to improve detection efficiency, and through the optimum arrangement of the DFs, together with the evaluation of site error at each DF. Based on the analysis of the data obtained so far, operational characteristics of the system and some factors which affect the performance of the system have been revealed }, keywords={ atmospheric measuring apparatus lightning lightning protection power system protection magnetic direction-finder network Tohoku District Tohoku Electric Power company lightning flashes location waveform discrimination modification detection efficiency improvement operational characteristics }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{Corera94, author={Corera, B.J.}, title={ Energy management decisions are made via cooperative approach }, journal={Transmission & Distribution International}, volume={5}, number={1}, year={1994}, month={}, pages={33-4, 37, 39, 41, 43-4}, abstract={ This article presents the experience of Iberdrola (Spain) and EA Technology (UK) in the development and use of expert systems applied to the control/supervision of electrical networks. The need to expand the scope of their existing stand-alone expert systems by integrating new information and new capabilities has moved these two companies to enter the emerging area of Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI), joining forces in the ESPRIT project ARCHON, the objective of which is to produce a general framework for cooperating expert systems. The main objectives of the Iberdrola application are disturbance detection, identification of permanent faults, evaluation of network status, preparation of a restoration plan and tracking of network evolution. The EA Technology application integrates fault diagnosis both at high and low voltage, security analysis, generation of safe switching schedules, lightning detection, and collates information between these individual systems }, keywords={ expert systems fault location lightning protection load management power system computer control power system restoration switching energy management decisions Iberdrola Spain EA Technology UK expert systems stand-alone expert systems Distributed Artificial Intelligence ESPRIT project ARCHON disturbance detection restoration plan permanent faults identification network status evaluation network evolution tracking fault diagnosis low voltage high voltage security analysis safe switching schedules lightning detection }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{Guisset94, author={Guisset, J.-P. and Roulin, E.}, title={ Mesoscale observation of summertime convective storms in Belgium }, journal={Publications, Institut Royal Meteorologique de Belgique, Serie A}, volume={}, number={}, year={1994}, month={}, pages={1-23}, abstract={ The phenomenon of deep and localised convective systems, manifested by a barographic peak which can attain 3 hPa for 30 to 60 minutes, is reviewed. The limitations of measurement by the Belgian network of about 20 unequally distributed ground stations giving half-hourly readings are discussed. A detailed examination of two 8-hour storms in Aug. and Sept. 1992 is reported. The recorded barometric pressure anomalies are compared with other evidences of passage of the convection cells, drawn from the Zaventem weather radar and SAFIR radiointerferometric lightning imagery and Meteosat and NOAA satellite pictures. The possibilities of detection of an incipient cell for forecasting purposes are assessed }, keywords={ atmospheric pressure and density storms weather forecasting mesoscale observation Meteosat pictures AD 1992 08 to 09 summertime convective storms Belgium barographic peak ground stations barometric pressure anomalies convection cells Zaventem weather radar SAFIR radiointerferometric lightning imagery NOAA satellite pictures forecasting }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{IdoneOct93, author={Idone, V.P. and Saljoughy, A.B. and Henderson, R.W. and Moore, P.K. and Pyle, R.B.}, title={ A reexamination of the peak current calibration of the National Lightning Detection Network }, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research}, volume={98}, number={D10}, year={1993}, month={Oct}, pages={18323-32}, abstract={ The peak current calibration of the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) reported by Orville (1991) has been reexamined with 57 directly measured stroke peak currents, I/sub peak/ (kiloamperes), and their corresponding NLDN mean normalized magnetic signal strengths, M/sub peak/(LLP units). Identification of corresponding I/sub peak/ and M/sub peak/ measurements was verified through accurate coincidence in absolute time of the two independent data sets. The I/sub peak/-M/sub peak/ data (with one point excluded as an outlier) are apparently linearly related with a correlation coefficient of 0.881, consistent with that predicted by application of the transmission line model of the lightning return stroke. The regression equation for prediction of I/sub peak/ from NLDN M/sub peak/ measurements is given. Examination of the overall I/sub peak/-M/sub peak/ data set for the possible influence of two different models of signal strength attenuation with distance,D, (power law, D/sup beta /, and exponential, (exp/sup /( alpha D))/sup -/) indicates negligible sensitivity to the proposed variations; other larger error sources likely mask the true attenuation effect. Twelve flashes were detected with four or more direction finders; a power law fit to the direction finder signal strength variation with distance of these individual flashes yields a mean beta value of -1.09. Examination of the overall I/sub peak/-M/sub peak/ data set for the possible effect of a nonlinear relation between the source stroke peak current and return stroke propagation speed indicates no obvious influence }, keywords={ lightning peak current calibration National Lightning Detection Network stroke peak currents mean normalized magnetic signal strengths transmission line model lightning return stroke regression equation signal strength attenuation direction finder signal strength variation nonlinear relation propagation speed source stroke }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{ReapFeb93, author={Reap, R.M.}, title={ The use of network lightning data to detect thunderstorms near surface reporting stations }, journal={Monthly Weather Review}, volume={121}, number={2}, year={1993}, month={Feb}, pages={464-9}, abstract={ Relationships between network lightning data and hourly thunderstorm observations were examined for the northeastern United States, Oklahoma, Florida, and the western United States to provide additional information on the possible effects of using lightning data to replace or supplement the hourly observations. Identification of thunderstorms for three of the four regions was found to agree closely with the hourly observations, provided the network reports were accumulated for a radius of 48 km or more about the station. The best agreement was found over Florida where high ground-flash densities resulted in a greater likelihood of both observer and network recording a given thunderstorm }, keywords={ atmospheric techniques lightning thunderstorms detection atmosphere measurement technique network lightning data surface reporting stations thunderstorm United States Oklahoma Florida }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @CONFERENCE{Corera93, author={Corera, J. and Laresgoiti, I. and Cockburn, D. and Cross, A.}, title={ A cooperative approach towards the solution of complex decision problems in energy management and electricity networks }, booktitle={12th International Conference on Electricity Distribution. CIRED (Conf.Publ. No.373)}, volume={}, number={}, year={1993}, month={}, pages={4.19/1-6 vol.4}, abstract={ The authors present the experience of Iberdrola (Spain) and EA Technology (UK) in the development and use of expert systems applied to the control/supervision of electricity networks. The need to expand the scope of their existing stand-alone expert systems by integrating new information and new capabilities has moved these two companies to enter the emerging area of distributed artificial intelligence (DAI), joining forces in the ESPRIT project ARCHON, the objective of which is to produce a general framework for cooperating expert systems. The main objectives of the Iberdrola application are disturbance detection, identification of permanent faults, evaluation of network status, preparation of a restoration plan and tracking of network evolution. The EA Technology application integrates fault diagnosis both at high and low voltage, security analysis, generation of safe switching schedules, lightning detection and collates information between these individual systems }, keywords={ distribution networks expert systems fault location power system computer control power system restoration permanent faults identification complex decision problems energy management electricity networks Iberdrola Spain EA Technology UK expert systems distributed artificial intelligence ESPRIT project ARCHON disturbance detection restoration plan fault diagnosis safe switching schedules lightning detection }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @CONFERENCE{Maier90, author={Maier, L.M.}, title={ Lightning detection-electric field mill network }, booktitle={Southcon/90 Conference Record}, volume={}, number={}, year={1990}, month={}, pages={178-82}, abstract={ Lightning poses a hazard to many ground and launch operations at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS). Some operations require a 30-minute warning to 'safe' equipment and personnel. Lightning detection systems alone do not provide the necessary warning time. This need was recognized in the early 1960s, and since that time KSC has been making measurements of the electric field. After lightning struck Apollo 12 during launch in 1969, a new network of electric field sensors was deployed. The network initially consisted of 25 uniformly sited sensors and increased to 31 after covering Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Calibration procedures and maintenance guidelines were developed by experts in the field of atmospheric electricity. The sensors transmitted analog data to a central computer which performed real-time data analysis. These new sensors, electric field mills, proved to be more reliable and have been an integral part of KSC's lightning warning systems since installation }, keywords={ electric field measurement electric sensing devices ground support systems lightning calibration electric field mill network launch operations Kennedy Space Center Cape Canaveral Air Force Station electric field sensors atmospheric electricity real-time data analysis lightning warning systems }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{OrvilleFeb91, author={Orville, R.E.}, title={ Lightning ground flash density in the contiguous United States-1989 }, journal={Monthly Weather Review}, volume={119}, number={2}, year={1991}, month={Feb}, pages={573-7}, abstract={ The National Lightning Detection Network, composed of 114 wideband magnetic direction finders for locating cloud-to-ground lightning flashes, was operated with full coverage of the contiguous United States for the first time in 1989. More than 13.4 million flashes were recorded during that year. Ground flash density contours were drawn on a grid with 120 horizontal points and 100 vertical points. This produces a flash density resolution of 50 km in the east-west direction and 30 km in the north-south direction. The peak lightning flash density occurred northeast of Tampa, Florida, with yearly values of 10 km/sup -2/. An annual flash density of 8 km/sup -2/ was recorded over the Gulf Stream off the Carolina Coast. Local flash density maxima were observed in eastern Texas, Kansas, on the Illinois-Indiana border, and inland along the Carolina Coast extending into Virginia }, keywords={ lightning meteorology USA AD 1989 contiguous United States National Lightning Detection Network wideband magnetic direction finders cloud-to-ground lightning flashes flash density contours }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{LeeOct90, author={Lee, A.C.L.}, title={ Bias elimination and scatter in lightning location by the VLF arrival time difference technique }, journal={Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology}, volume={7}, number={5}, year={1990}, month={Oct}, pages={719-33}, abstract={ In the very low frequency (VLF) band lightning flashes are detectable at ranges of several thousand kilometers. Studies of experimental data show that if systematic biases were eliminated from the UK Meteorological Office's VLF arrival time difference (ATD) flash locating (fixing) system, the residual ATD scatter would amount to 1.4-2 mu s. For the operational outstation network this would give stroke fixing errors below 1.2 km over most of western Europe. Techniques are presented for the elimination of bias to approach this precision. At longer ranges propagation effects, including those due to terrain conductivity, must be considered }, keywords={ atmospheric electromagnetic wave propagation atmospheric techniques atmospherics lightning measurement errors flash locating system bias elimination United Kingdom Meteorological Office lightning detection range UK atmospheric VLF waves propagation lightning stroke VLF image size VLF atmospherics ATD sterics system lightning location VLF arrival time difference technique lightning flashes systematic biases residual ATD scatter operational outstation network stroke fixing errors western Europe terrain conductivity 1.2 km 1 to 10 Mm 8.1 to 11.7 kHz }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{WhiteheadOct90, author={Whitehead, J. and Driggans, R.}, title={ TVA's experience with the SUNYA lightning detection network }, journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery}, volume={5}, number={4}, year={1990}, month={Oct}, pages={2054-62}, abstract={ The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) has had access to real-time data on cloud-to-ground lightning strikes in its service area through the lightning detection network (LDN) operated by the State University of New York at Albany (SUNYA). The authors show that in the TVA service area most lightning outages do not occur where the most lightning is. Instead, factors such as structure footing resistance can play an important role. Lightning data are displayed in real time on personal computer workstations connected to SUNYA by satellite link and are recorded for later analysis. TVA is using these data to analyze transmission-line outages (real-time and historical), provide warning of approaching lightning to line crews, develop ground-flash density maps, and to learn more about lightning and its effect on TVA's transmission system. Lightning flashes that cause particular line outages have been identified and their current and multiplicity characteristics studied }, keywords={ lightning power engineering computing power systems current characteristics SUNYA lightning detection network Tennessee Valley Authority real-time data cloud-to-ground lightning strikes lightning detection network State University of New York at Albany lightning outages personal computer workstations satellite link transmission-line outages ground-flash density maps multiplicity characteristics }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{MooreSep90, author={Moore, P.K. and Orville, R.E.}, title={ Lightning characteristics in lake-effect thunderstorms }, journal={Monthly Weather Review}, volume={118}, number={9}, year={1990}, month={Sep}, pages={1767-82}, abstract={ The characteristics of Great Lakes-induced storms and their cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flashes are examined for four fall-winter seasons, beginning with the fall 1983-winter 1984 season. Satellite, surface, upper air, and lake temperature data were used in the analysis of the meteorological characteristics of the storms. The characteristics of the CG lightning flashes were recorded by the State University of New York at Albany Lightning Detection Network. During the 1983-7 period, the network covered Lake Ontario and increasing portions of Lake Erie as a result of network expansion. Thus, both Lake Erie-induced and Lake Ontario-induced storms were selected for analysis. The storms that were examined produced three or more CG flashes on eight separate occasions. The earliest occurrence of a lake-induced storm with CG lightning was in mid-September, the latest in early December }, keywords={ lakes lightning thunderstorms United States AD 1983 to 1987 cloud to ground lightning flash winter autumn lake-effect thunderstorms fall temperature meteorological characteristics storms Lake Ontario Lake Erie lake-induced storm }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{NisbetApr90, author={Nisbet, J.S. and Barnard, T.A. and Forbes, G.S. and Krider, E.P. and Lhermitte, R. and Lennon, C.L.}, title={ A case study of the Thunderstorm Research International Project storm of July 11, 1978. 1. Analysis of the data base }, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research}, volume={95}, number={D5}, year={1990}, month={Apr}, pages={5417-33}, abstract={ A coordinated analysis of the Thunderstorm Research International Project storm of July 11, 1978, from 1900 to 2000 UT at the Kennedy Space Center is presented using data from three Doppler radars, a lightning detection and ranging system and a network of 25 electric field mills, and rain gages. This storm produced two cells for which the center of the updraft remained within range of the observational network. Electric field measurements were used to analyze the charge moments transferred by lightning flashes. An attempt was made to analyze as large a percentage as possible of the flashes so that the measurements would be usable to study the charge moment transferred by lightning in the storm. These data were fitted to Weibull distributions which were used to estimate statistical parameters of the lightning for both intracloud and cloud-to-ground flashes and to estimate the fraction of the flashes which were below the observation threshold for the two cells studied }, keywords={ lightning thunderstorms storm thunderstorm AD 1978 07 11 TRIP United States USA Florida atmosphere Thunderstorm Research International Project Kennedy Space Center electric field charge moments lightning Weibull distributions statistical parameters }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{CarpenterJul89, author={Carpenter, D.L. and Orville, R.E.}, title={ The excitation of active whistler mode signal paths in the magnetosphere by lightning: two case studies }, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research}, volume={94}, number={A7}, year={1989}, month={Jul}, pages={8886-94}, abstract={ In two approximately 1 hr case study periods, the properties of whistlers propagating along multiple geomagnetic-field aligned paths from points of origin in the northern hemisphere were compared to data on the location and intensity of lightning. The whistlers were recorded at the approximately conjugate stations Lake Mistissini, Canada and Siple Station, Antarctica, while the lightning data were acquired by the SUNY-Albany lightning detection network operating in the eastern United States. In the two studies, which represented times near 0700-0800 LT and relatively quiet magnetospheric conditions, between one quarter and one half of the two-hop whistlers observed at Lake Mistissini were found to have originated in ground flashes detected by the network. The uncorrelated whistlers are believed to have originated in lightning outside the network viewing area or in undetected ground flashes within the network. It is established that lightning can excite ducted whistler paths whose ionospheric endpoints are at ranges up to 2500 km or more from the lightning location }, keywords={ magnetospheric electromagnetic wave propagation whistlers magnetosphere radiowave propagation excitation active whistler mode signal paths magnetosphere lightning conjugate stations two-hop whistlers ducted whistler paths ionospheric endpoints }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{BhattacharyaOct87, author={Bhattacharya, A.B. and Bhattacharya, R.}, title={ Lightning direction finding systems and their developments }, journal={Students' Journal of the Institution of Electronics & TelecommunicationEngineers}, volume={28}, number={4}, year={1987}, month={Oct}, pages={159-63}, abstract={ The detection and location of lightning by a magnetic direction finding system (MDFS) and lightning position and tracking system (LPATS) are major meteorological techniques. The two systems are critically discussed and their relative advantages and deficiencies are focused. Lightning is a major meteorological hazard. In addition to the protection of the general public, access to real time lightning ground strike data could play a vital role in forest fire measurement, computer and communication network operation, explosives and toxic material handling, aircraft refueling and maintenance and repair of utility transmission and distribution systems. Even nuclear plant operations may be considerably impacted by lightning. The authors summarize the efforts to evaluate a new lightning location technology with an emphasis on the two recent techniques }, keywords={ lightning magnetic direction finding system MDFS lightning position and tracking system LPATS meteorological hazard real time lightning ground strike data forest fire measurement communication network operation explosives toxic material handling aircraft refueling maintenance utility transmission distribution systems nuclear plant operations lightning location technology }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{ElkinAug88, author={Elkin, P.R. and Pedrow, P.D. and Rahman, T.J.}, title={ Lightning detection network provides data for system protection }, journal={Transmission and Distribution}, volume={40}, number={8}, year={1988}, month={Aug}, pages={44, 46-7}, abstract={ In the past, the Washington Water Power Company (WWP) installed arresters only where lightning had already caused problems, and with more than 8500 miles of 13, 25 and 35 kV lines in eastern Washington and northern Idaho, many feeders still had only spotty protection. As a result, transformer losses from lightning were relatively high. In order to optimize future arrester placement, WWP commissioned a study by researchers at Washington State University (WSU). The goal of the study was to determine the lightning activity, as precisely as possible, in the WWP service area. Lightning ground-flash data from the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Automatic Lightning Detection System were analyzed by computer and results were generated in the form of tables, histograms, and maps. The authors discuss the problem and the use and analysis of the data collected }, keywords={ lightning lightning protection power system protection Washington Water Power Company arrester placement Washington State University lightning activity ground-flash data }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{KozakJun87, author={Kozak, L.E.}, title={ Network tracks lightning for New Jersey Bell }, journal={Telephone Engineer and Management}, volume={91}, number={11}, year={1987}, month={Jun}, pages={58-61, 63}, abstract={ New Jersey Bell, have been subscribing to a new Lightning Detection Network (LDN) operated by the State University of New York at Albany (SUNYA). The SUNYA-LDN provides real time and historical information showing the location, time, number of return strokes, peak current, and polarity of lightning flashes detected. This network provides coverage of the entire United States, east of the Mississippi. It is rather well known that lightning causes static to AM radio broadcasts. This property of lightning, the generation of radio frequency (RF) radiation, provides a means whereby it can be detected. By the use of a network of magnetic direction finding antennas, the location of lightning strikes can be obtained using triangulation principles. It now becomes possible to quantitatively analyze lightning storms and to look at individual flashes or incidents. In addition, one can delineate high lightning areas with considerable confidence. Finally, it is now possible to better investigate outside plant damage }, keywords={ atmospheric techniques directive antennas lightning radio direction-finding radiofrequency interference real-time systems telecommunications computing real-time systems RFI New Jersey Bell Lightning Detection Network State University of New York Albany SUNYA-LDN location time return strokes peak current polarity lightning flashes United States Mississippi static AM radio broadcasts magnetic direction finding antennas lightning strikes triangulation principles lightning storms outside plant damage }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{OrvilleSep87, author={Orville, R.E., Jr.}, title={ An analytical solution to obtain the optimum source location using multiple direction finders on a spherical surface }, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research}, volume={92}, number={D9}, year={1987}, month={Sep}, pages={10877-86}, abstract={ An analytical solution is presented for determining the optimum location of a radiating source on the surface of a sphere, given multiple bearings. The bearings are assumed to have small errors of the order of 0 degrees -10 degrees . The optimum location is found by minimizing the sum of the squares of the perpendicular great-circle distances from the source to the bearing lines. This is achieved analytically through an eigenvalue approach, rather than the usual iterative, numerical approach. Bearings of different weight are taken into account by approximating the distance from each direction finder to the source. The result is general and may have wide application. Since it is simple and nearly as fast as the triangulation technique for source location, it is now used in the SUNY-Albany East Coast Lightning Detection Network to compute the optimum location for lightning in real time. The solution is also used off-line to evaluate the systematic errors in the network direction finders }, keywords={ atmospheric techniques lightning position measurement ground flash detection ship location aeroplane location analytical solution optimum source location multiple direction finders spherical surface radiating source bearings perpendicular great-circle distances eigenvalue approach SUNY-Albany East Coast Lightning Detection Network systematic errors }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{SchutteSep87, author={Schutte, T. and Pisler, E. and Filipovic, D. and Isrealsson, S.}, title={ Acceptance of lightning detectors and localization systems under different damping conditions }, journal={Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology}, volume={4}, number={3}, year={1987}, month={Sep}, pages={401-10}, abstract={ The acceptance of individual lightning detectors, idealized detection networks using both loop antenna and time of arrival techniques, and the Swedish lightning localization network have been investigated. The calculations were based on Weibull-distributed lightning signal strengths and an exponentially damped spherical wave model for the lightning pulse propagation. For a real network, account has been taken for the different damping of pulse paths due to the land/water distribution. The influence of different damping of the lightning pulses on the performance of lightning detection and localization was found to be very strong. The time of arrival method was more sensitive to the damping effects. The technique can be used for maximizing the acceptance quality of a planned network and for weighting lightning density maps obtained by a lightning localization system }, keywords={ atmospheric techniques atmospherics lightning meteorological instruments meteorology tropospheric electromagnetic wave propagation lightning detectors acceptance pulse paths damping detector effective radius loop antenna techniques network acceptance quality maximisation S Sweden troposphere EM wave propagation localization systems individual lightning detectors idealized detection networks time of arrival techniques Swedish lightning localization network Weibull-distributed lightning signal strengths exponentially damped spherical wave lightning pulse propagation land/water distribution lightning density maps 0 to 1000 km 0 to 1800 km }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{OrvilleJul87, author={Orville, R. and Songster, H.}, title={ The east coast lightning detection network }, journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery}, volume={PWRD-2}, number={3}, year={1987}, month={Jul}, pages={899-907}, abstract={ A magnetic direction-finding network for the detection of lightning cloud-to-ground strikes that has been installed along the east coast of the United States is described. Most of the lightning occurring from Maine to Florida and as far west as Ohio is detected. Time, location, flash polarity, stroke count, and peak signal amplitude are recorded in real time. Flash locations, time, and polarity are displayed routinely for research and operational purposes. The data are being compiled in a database to provide statistical information necessary for the prediction of the surge performance of electric power lines and the improvement of surge protection practices }, keywords={ geomagnetism lightning lightning protection power system protection surge protection east coast lightning detection network magnetic direction-finding network lightning cloud-to-ground strikes United States Maine Florida Ohio polarity surge performance electric power lines surge protection practices }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{MachMar86, author={Mach, D.M. and MacGorman, D.R. and Rust, W.D. and Arnold, R.T.}, title={ Site errors and detection efficiency in a magnetic direction-finder network for locating lightning strikes to ground }, journal={Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology}, volume={3}, number={1}, year={1986}, month={Mar}, pages={67-74}, abstract={ The authors have tested a network of magnetic direction-finders (DFs) that locate ground strikes in Oklahoma and surrounding states in order to determine detection efficiency for the network and systematic errors in azimuth (i.e. site errors) for each of four DF sites. Independent data on lightning strike locations were obtained with a television (TV) camera on a mobile laboratory and an all-azimuth TV system at the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL). Systematic errors in azimuth were determined by comparing locations from the lightning strike locating system with strikes located from the mobile laboratory system; also, for a single DF at NSSL, strike azimuths from the DF were compared with azimuths from the all-azimuth TV system for storms near NSSL. Furthermore, the authors developed a technique for using redundant DF data to determine systematic errors in azimuth measurements for each DF site }, keywords={ atmospheric measuring apparatus error analysis geomagnetism lightning United States geomagnetism atmospheric measuring apparatus detection efficiency magnetic direction-finder network lightning strikes to ground Oklahoma systematic errors TV system azimuth storms }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{OrvilleMay87, author={Orville, R.E. and Weisman, R.A. and Pyle, R.B. and Henderson, R.W. and Orville, R.E., Jr.}, title={ Cloud-to-ground lightning flash characteristics from June 1984 through May 1985 }, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research}, volume={92}, number={D5}, year={1987}, month={May}, pages={5640-4}, abstract={ A magnetic direction-finding network for the detection of lightning cloud-to-ground strikes has been installed along the east coast of the United States. Time, location, flash polarity, stroke count, and peak signal amplitude are recorded in real time. Results are presented from nine direction finders for 1 year, June 1, 1984, through May 31, 1985. The data were recorded from Maine to North Carolina and as far west as Ohio; analyses were restricted to flashes within 300 km of a direction finder. Measurements of peak signal strength have been obtained from 720284 first return strokes lowering negative charge. These return strokes are assumed to have a median peak current of 30 kA. It is also assumed that the return stroke speed is constant. The resulting distribution indicates that few negative strokes have peak currents exceeding 100 kA. Measurements have also been obtained of peak signal strength from 17694 first return strokes lowering positive charge. These strokes have a median peak current of 45 kA, with some peak currents reaching 300-400 kA }, keywords={ atmospheric electricity electric current lightning meteorology flash time flash location electric currents USA flash polarity seasonal dependence flash multiplicity AD 1984 06 01 to 1985 05 31 lightning detection network peak radiation values lightning magnetic field lightning flash characteristics magnetic direction-finding network lightning cloud-to-ground strikes east coast United States stroke count peak signal amplitude June 1, 1984 May 31, 1985 Maine North Carolina Ohio peak signal strength first return strokes negative charge median peak current return stroke speed negative strokes positive charge }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{ShepardNov86, author={Shepard, M.}, title={ Getting a fix on lightning strikes }, journal={EPRI Journal}, volume={11}, number={8}, year={1986}, month={Nov}, pages={24-9}, abstract={ The East Coast lightning detection network provides real-time storm tracking while building a long-term data base. Both lead to better protection of the T&D system from the ravages of electrical storms }, keywords={ lightning protection power system protection real-time systems thunderstorms tracking systems USA lightning detection network real-time storm tracking long-term data base protection electrical storms }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{OrvilleNov86, author={Orville, R.E. and Pyle, R.B. and Henderson, R.W.}, title={ The East Coast Lightning Detection Network }, journal={IEEE Transactions on Power Systems}, volume={PWRS-1}, number={4}, year={1986}, month={Nov}, pages={243-6}, abstract={ A magnetic direction-finding network for the detection of lightning cloud-to-ground strikes has been installed along the east coast of the United States. Most of the lightning occurring from Maine to Florida, and as far west as Ohio, is detected. Time, location, flash polarity, stroke count, and peak signal amplitude are recorded in real time. Flash locations, time, and polarity are displayed routinely for research and operational purposes. Flash density maps have been generated for the summers of 1983 and 1984, when the network only extended to North Carolina, and show density maxima in northern Virginia and Maryland. Computer-based display systems that access this network in real time are now in use to evaluate the usefulness of the data }, keywords={ atmospheric measuring apparatus lightning microcomputer applications flash time computer-based display systems flash locations flash density maps real time data AD 1983 to 1984 USA East Coast Lightning Detection Network magnetic direction-finding network lightning cloud-to-ground strikes United States flash polarity stroke count peak signal amplitude }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @CONFERENCE{Chen86, author={Chen, R.K. and Lerch, T.H. and Radovsky, J.S. and Spires, D.A.}, title={ A 90 V switching regulator and lightning protector chip set }, booktitle={1986 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest ofTechnical Papers (Cat. No.86CH2263-2)}, volume={}, number={}, year={1986}, month={}, pages={178-9, 340-1}, abstract={ There are a number of telephone network applications which require line-interface voltages above the standard 48-V office battery. For these applications two devices, a switching regulator and a crowbar protector, were developed to complete the subsystem for a transformerless subscriber-line interface. The basic line interface performs battery feed, battery reversal, 2-wire to 4-wire conversion, and switch-hook detection. The subsystem reduces overall power consumption, extends the loop range, and provides robust lightning and power-line cross protection. The variable output from the switching regulator allows the interface to provide 20 mA to loops of up to 2800 Omega , while keeping the power dissipation for any loop length to less than 1.5 W. To protect the regulator and the line interface, the protector crowbars lightning surges and power crosses to ground }, keywords={ lightning protection power integrated circuits surge protection switching circuits telephone equipment voltage regulators SLIC monolithic IC switching regulator lightning protector chip set telephone network line-interface voltages crowbar protector transformerless subscriber-line interface battery feed battery reversal 2-wire to 4-wire conversion switch-hook detection power-line cross protection variable output surges 90 V 20 mA 2800 ohm 1.5 W }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{BosartMay86, author={Bosart, L.F. and Sanders, F.}, title={ Mesoscale structure in the megalopolitan snowstorm of 11-12 February 1983. III. A large-amplitude gravity wave }, journal={Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences}, volume={43}, number={9}, year={1986}, month={May}, pages={924-39}, abstract={ For pt.II see ibid., vol.42, no.13, p.1398-407 (1985). The authors present a detailed analysis of the event based principally on routine hourly surface observations and on cloud-to-ground lightning flash data recorded by the East Coast lightning-detection network operated by the State University of New York at Albany (SUNYA), as described by Orville et al. (1983). The relationship of a pressure oscillation to other observations of gravity-wave activity and to relevant theory is considered }, keywords={ atmospheric movements atmospheric pressure and density lightning snow thunderstorms United States AD 1983 02 11 to 12 atmosphere movement pressure snow snowstorm February 1983 large-amplitude gravity wave lightning East Coast }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @CONFERENCE{Orville85, author={Orville, R.E. and Pyle, R.B. and Henderson, R.W.}, title={ The east coast lightning detection network }, booktitle={1985 Power Industry Computer Application Conference PICA 85}, volume={}, number={}, year={1985}, month={}, pages={408-11}, abstract={ A magnetic direction-finding network for the detection of lightning cloud-to-ground strikes has been installed along the east coast of the United States. Time, location, flash polarity, stroke count and peak signal amplitude are recorded in real time. Flash locations, time, and polarity are displayed routinely for research and operational purposes. Flash density maps have been generated for the summers of 1983 and 1984, when the network only extended to North Carolina, and show density maxima in northern Virginia and Maryland. Computer-based display systems that access this network in real time are in use to evaluate the usefulness of the data }, keywords={ atmospheric measuring apparatus geomagnetism lightning flash density maps computer based display system lightning detection network magnetic direction-finding network cloud-to-ground strikes east coast United States location flash polarity stroke count peak signal amplitude real time }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @CONFERENCE{Huse84, author={Huse, J. and Olsen, K.}, title={ Some characteristics of lightning ground flashes observed in Norway (lightning protection) }, booktitle={International Conference on Lightning and Power Systems (Conf. Publ.No.236)}, volume={}, number={}, year={1984}, month={}, pages={72-5}, abstract={ In order to design an adequate lightning protection system, sufficient knowledge of the flash characteristics is needed. In addition to stroke current parameters (crest value, steepness, duration), information on flash density, polarity, number of strokes per flash (multiplicity), time interval between individual strokes in a flash and between flashes is of importance, particularly for the protection of electric power systems. In Norway, the thunderstorm frequency is relatively low (keraunic level: 5-15), but outages and damage in the electric power system caused by lightning are not rare. Particularly, the distribution network (MW-range) is found to be vulnerable to disturbances. To obtain reliable information on thunderstorm occurrence as well as on flash characteristics, an automatic system for lightning ground flash detection and localization has been installed }, keywords={ distribution networks lightning protection power overhead lines lightning protection stroke current parameters flash density polarity electric power systems thunderstorm distribution network lightning ground flash detection }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{OrvilleSep83, author={Orville, R.E. and Henderson, R.W. and Bosart, L.F.}, title={ An East Coast lightning detection network }, journal={Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society}, volume={64}, number={9}, year={1983}, month={Sep}, pages={1029-37}, abstract={ A magnetic direction-finding network for the detection of lightning cloud-to-ground strikes has been installed, and it records most of the ground flashes from Maine to North Carolina and as far west as Ohio. This area includes or touches fourteen states and contains over a quarter of the population of the United States. Time, location, flash polarity, stroke count, and peak signal amplitude are recorded in real time. One result of our network is presented for an unusually severe storm (8-9 October 1982) that produced over 11000 ground flashes. The observed cyclone development resembled a class of incipient cyclones with convection near the center, and were forecast poorly by existing operational models }, keywords={ atmospheric techniques lightning USA measurement technique East Coast lightning detection network magnetic direction-finding network cloud-to-ground strikes Maine North Carolina United States flash polarity stroke count peak signal amplitude }, mynotes={UNREAD}, } /usr/tmp/citation.tmp.18728 @ARTICLE{Dec82, author={}, title={ Factory environment fiber optic LAN provides EMI immunity, increases security }, journal={Computer Design}, volume={21}, number={12}, year={1982}, month={Dec}, pages={32-8}, abstract={ Fiber Optic/Net One, a fiber optic interconnected Ethernet LAN communications system, adds fiber optic technology while preserving the hardware/software investments of existing Ethernet configurations. Introduced through a collaborative effort, the system comprises the Codenet-2020 fiber optic Ethernet transceivers developed by Codenoll Technology. Ethernet compatible network interface units and communications software from Ungermann-Bass, and fiber optic transmission subsystems by Siecor/FiberLAN. Fiber optic cables are not susceptible to electromagnetic radiation, problems such as group loops, crosstalk and lightning interference are eliminated. No electrical signals are transmitted between equipment interconnected by the glass fibers, thereby eliminating the possibility of electrical surges or short circuits. Moreover, it is almost impossible to tap into the Ethernet data bus without immediate detection, a security advantage over coaxial nets. Features of the network system are described }, keywords={ computer networks electromagnetic interference optical fibres optical links security of data factory environment EMI fiber optic LAN Fiber Optic/Net One Ethernet Codenet-2020 transceivers Codenoll Technology network interface units communications software Ungermann-Bass transmission subsystems Siecor/FiberLAN group loops crosstalk lightning interference electrical surges short circuits security }, mynotes={UNREAD}, }