@article{ErlickSep98,
author={Erlick, C. and Frederick, J.E.},
title={Effects of aerosols on the wavelength dependence of atmospheric transmission in the ultraviolet and visible. 2. Continental and urban aerosols in clear skies},
journal={Journal of Geophysical Research},
volume={103},
number={D18},
pages={23275-85},
month={September},
year={1998},
abstract={For pt.I see ibid., vol.103, no.D10, p.11465-72 (1998). The authors
model the effects of continental and urban aerosols and their variation with
humidity on the transmission of ultraviolet and visible radiation to the
Earth's surface. Normalizing the transmission to that of an aerosol-free
atmosphere, they examine the mechanisms behind two wavelength-dependent
aerosol-effects. The first is a dip in the normalized transmission at
wavelengths below around 320 nm, which is caused by a coupling between multiple
scattering by the aerosol particles and absorption by ozone and by the rapidly
increasing absorption coefficient of tropospheric water-soluble aerosols below
340 nm, based on limited available refractive index data in the UV. The second
effect is an increase in normalized transmission with wavelength from 320 nm
through the visible, which is caused by the decrease with wavelength in the Mie
scattering coefficients of tropospheric water-soluble, soot, and stratospheric
sulfate aerosols. Using their continental aerosol model, at 0% relative
humidity they compute aerosol optical depths of 0.72 at 310 nm and 0.35 at 550
nm, which reduce atmospheric transmission by 12.8% at 310 nm and by 7.9% at 550
nm. With their urban aerosol model they compute aerosol optical depths of 1.82
at 310 nm and 0.87 at 550 nm, which reduce transmission by 34.5% at 310 nm and
by 21.1% at 550 nm. Absorption by the aerosols is a significant contributor to
this, reducing transmission by 20.9% at 310 nm and by 8.6% at 550 nm beyond
nonabsorbing aerosols. For average summer humidity conditions our continental
aerosol model predicts an increase in optical depth to 1.26 at 310 nm and to
0.65 at 550 nm, leading to a reduction in transmission of 15.2% at 310 nm and
9.7% at 550 nm, as compared with an aerosol-free atmosphere}
}


@article{186335,
author={Martinson, I. and Bickel, W.S. and Olme, A.},
title={Beam-foil spectra of boron 450-5000 AA},
journal={Journal of the Optical Society of America},
volume={60},
number={9},
pages={1213-20},
year={1970},
abstract={Electronic transitions in B I-B IV have been studied with the
beam-foil technique. Over 100 spectral lines were observed between 450 and 5000
AA. Only half of the lines could be assigned to earlier known boron
transitions. Classifications are given for several of the new lines. Mean lives
of 33 excited levels in B I-B IV were measured. In most cases the results are
in good agreement with theory}
}

%Find TITLE MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS VLF PROPAGATION  
% But note: this record has a typo in the title in inspec!
@article{BickelJan70,
author={Bickel, J.E. and Ferguson, J.A. and Stanley, G.V.},
title={Experimental observation of magnetic field effects on VLF propagation at night},
journal={Radio Science},
volume={5},
number={1},
pages={19-25},
month={Jan},
year={1970},
abstract={Computations of nighttime field intensity versus distance are made
for a 23.4-kHz signal radiated from Hawaii and for propagation paths to
Seattle, Ontario (California), Samoa, and Wake Island, using the waveguide
computer program developed at the Naval Electronics Laboratory Center to obtain
waveguide mode constants, each 2 degrees of arc or 222 km along each path. An
exponential electron-density profile defined by beta =0.5 km/sup -1/ and
h'=85.5 was assumed, where beta and h' are defined by Wait (1964). The
resultant field was computed by using a WKB approximation to allow for the
variation of mode constants along the paths. Experimental measurements of
23.4-kHz signals were made aboard an airplane as it flew along these
propagation paths. Good agreement obtained between the theoretical calculations
and experimental measurements strongly supports the validity of the theoretical
approach and the conclusion that the increased attenuation observed for
propagation to the south is an effect of the geomagnetic field}
}

@article{WettlauferFeb00,
author={Wettlaufer, J. S. and Dash, J. G.},
title={Melting below zero},
journal={Scientific American (International Edition)},
volume={282},
number={2},
pages={50-3},
year={2000},
month={Feb},
abstract={Even well below the freezing point, ice is coated with a microscopic
film of quasiliquid water because of a process called surface melting. The
dynamics of the water in this film do more than make ice slippery. They also
cause destructive frost heaves and unleash lightning from the clouds}
}

@article{Barrington-Leigh2000,
author={Barrington-Leigh, C. P. and Inan, U. S. and Stanley, M.},
title={ Identification of Sprites and Elves with Intensified Video and
 Broadband Array Photometry},
	journal={Journal of Geophysical Research},
year={2000},
volume={{\em in press}},
abstract={}
}
%pages={{\em in press}},
%number={24},

@article{StanleyOct99,
author={Stanley, M. and Krehbiel, P. and Brook, M. and Moore, C. and Rison, W. and Abrahams, B.},
title={High speed video of initial sprite development},
journal={Geophysical Research Letters},
volume={26},
number={20},
pages={3201-4},
year={1999},
abstract={High speed video of sprites show that they are typically initiated at
an altitude of about 75 km and usually develop simultaneously upwards and
downwards from the point of origin with an initial columniform shape. The
initial development of sprites appears to be dominated by corona streamers with
velocities in excess of 10/sup 7/ m/s. Many of the observed characteristics are
consistent with a conventional breakdown mechanism for both sprite initiation
and initial sprite development}
}

@article{PaskoJan00,
author={Pasko, V.P. and Inan, U.S. and Bell, T.F.},
title={Fractal structure of sprites },
journal={Geophysical Research Letters},
volume={27},
number={4},
pages={497-500},
year={2000},
abstract={}
}



@article{GerkenSep00,
author={Gerken, E. A. AND Inan, U. S. AND Barrington-Leigh, C. P.},
title={Telescopic imaging of sprites},
journal={Geophysical Research Letters},
year={2000},
volume={27},
number={17},
pages={2637-40}
}


@inproceedings{PaskoJan99,
author={Pasko, V.P. and Inan, U.S. and Bell, T.F.},
title={Thermal runaway electrons in sprites},
booktitle={1999 URSI National Radio Science Meeting, Program and
Abstracts},
organization={},
volume={},
number={},
pages={152},
month={jan},
year={1999},
address={Boulder, Colorado},
abstract={}
}
Pasko, V. P., U. S. Inan, and T. F. Bell, Thermal runaway electrons
in sprites, 1999 URSI National Radio Science Meeting, Program and
Abstracts, p. 152, Boulder, Colorado, January 4-8, 1999.

@ARTICLE{CummerMar00,
	author={Cummer, S. A. and Inan, U. S.},
	title={Modeling ELF radio atmospheric propagation and extracting lightning currents from ELF observations},
	journal={Radio Science},
	volume={35},
	number={2},
	year={2000},
	month={March-April},
	pages={385-94}
}